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Ends of Long bones
Made up of spongy bone. Contain red marrow, which is engaged in the manufacture of blood cells. The epiphyses are covered with special hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. |
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The shaft of the bone
Made up of compact bone (cortical bone). Contain the medullary cavity, lined with squamous cels (endosteum), filled with yellow and containing blood vessels. |
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| Fibrous vascular layer that covers the diaphysis. The periosteum plays a very important role in the formation and repair of bone tissue |
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| mainly in the form of the mineral hydroxylapatite, provides compressional strength |
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| basic unit of compact bone |
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| (Haversian canal or osteonic canal) Central Canal |
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Definition
| middle of osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves |
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| concentic rings of bone that surround the havarsian canal |
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Term
Osteocyte
Lacuna
Canalaculi |
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Definition
cell of the bone
location of osteocyte
little canals that provide numerous routes so that oxygen, nutrients and wastes can pass to and from the osteocytes, which would otherwise by cut by the impermeable mass of bone |
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| Unspecialized cells that can multiply and differentiate into osteoblasts. They are found the endosteum and elsewhere in the bone marrow compartment. |
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| Cannot multiply ,make bone by secreting collagen and possibly other proteins (the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin and osteoclcin) incolved in bone formation. Upon completion of bone formation, a layer of "resting" osteoblasts remains on the surface of the bone, associated with the periosteum. |
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Definition
| Mature bone cells. Principal cells of bone tissue. Involved in daily cellular activities of bone tissue. Osteocytes are really osteoblasts that isolated themselves in the lacunae, surrounded by the bony substance they secrete but still in contact via gap junction with other osteocytes and surface osteoblasts via processes that permeate the canaliculi. |
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Definition
Large, multinucleated cells. They have many nuclei because they are formed by fusion of a number of "stem" progenitor cells found the bone marrow.
They contain large numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes. They acid and lysosomal enzyme that dissolve the collagen and calcium phosphate that make up the bone |
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| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| Formation of bone directyly on or within fibrous membrane - flat bone in the skull. The bones formed in this way are called intermembranous bones. |
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| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| Fomation of bone within a cartilaginous structure. Most of the body are formed in this way. called Endochondral bones |
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| Replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue. Couples the activities of bone-making osteoblasts and bone-dissolving osteoclasts. |
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| osteoclast activity outweighs osteoblasts |
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| Fracture hematoma formation |
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Definition
| is the flooding of blood after the breaking of the periosteum |
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| Fibroartilaginous callus formation |
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Definition
| The hematoma is invaded by new blood vessels and osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Masses of fibrocartilage form by fibroblasts replace part of the blood clot, particularly in regions more distant from intact or developing blood vessels |
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Definition
| A bony cullus in the form of trabeculae of spongy bone is produced by the osteoblasts. Spongy bone tends to form in regions close to developing blood vessels. Finally, however, all of the fibrocartilage is replaced by spongy bone. Phagocytic cells clear away the blood clot and debris. |
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| Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to replace the spongy bone with compact bone |
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1) support and protection
2) lever arms for the muscles to act upon
3) blood cells are produced in the red marrow
4) storage deposits of Ca
5) energy can be provided by the fat stored in yellow marrow |
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| Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis |
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Definition
| Permits slight movement - bones bound by interosseus ligaments, the tibia and fibula held together by this joint |
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Definition
| Not movable - occurs between flat bones of the skull |
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Definition
| Teeth fastened to maxillae and mandible by peridontal ligament |
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| Cartilaginous Joints: Sychondrosis |
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Definition
| Bones united by bands of hyaline cartilage - sternum and first rib are united by the costal cartilage |
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| Cartilaginous Joints: Symphysis |
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Definition
| The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage, which in turn is attached to pad of fibrocartilage. Limited movement. Occurs between vertebrae and at the symphysis pubis in the pelvic girdle. |
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| Articular surface or articular cartilage |
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Definition
| A special variety of hyaline cartilage which covers the ends of the bones in the joint. The articular cartilage is wear-resistant, has low friction, and is able to absorb the high forces of compression. no blood vessels or nerves |
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| Joint capsule and ligaments |
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Definition
| hod the bones together and prevent excessive or abnormal movement of the joint. |
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Definition
| a vascular lining that forms the inner layer of the joint capsule and covers exposed bony surfaces |
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| Synovial cavity or Joint cavity |
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Definition
| filled with synocial fluid both secreted and absorbed by the synovial membrane. A Synovial fluid is essentially a dialysate of plasma containing mucin secreted by synoviocytes, cells that make up the innermost layer of the synovial membrane. Synovial fluid is a lubricant that has curious physical properties. It is highly viscous if the joint is stationary or moving slowly. During rapid movements, however, its viscosity is highly reduced. |
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Definition
| Some synovial joints hace synocial fluid-filled sacs or bursae associated with them. A bursa has a inner lining of synovial membrane, which may be continuous with the synovial membrane of the joints. They cushion between skin and bone, tendons and bone, muscles and bone, or ligaments and bone. |
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