Term
| The 3 main regions of the brain |
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Definition
1. Hindbrain
2. Midbrain
3. Forebrain |
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Term
| Main structures of the hindbrain |
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Definition
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| the center of reflex regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a 'bridge' between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
involved with balance, coordination, and posture. The cerebellum receives input from three different sources:
1. Vision
2. Inner ear (vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals)
3. Proprioception (spatial orientation of the body |
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Term
| Main structures of the forebrain |
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Definition
cerebral cortex
Right and Left cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pre-central gyrus
Post-central gyrus
Corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the deep depressions of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed primarily of white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| large cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The fluid circulates within and around the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary somatomotor cortex (body movements) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex (body sensations). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| region of the visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory relay station and also sense touch and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| region where most CSF is produced using ependymal cells. The ependymal cells and cerebral capillaries form the choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
regulatory center for numerous homeostatic functions.
produces two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland and also forms a number of releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate hormones in the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| located just anterior to the central sulcus; this is where the primary somatomotor area for the body occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| located just posterior to the central sulcus; this is where the primary somatosensory area for the body occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter region that interconnects the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| It emerges from the skull through the foramen magnum and courses inferiorly and tapers to the level of L2 |
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Term
| Functions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
1. Conduction of impulses
2. Coordination for locomotion
3. Reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer portion of the cord contains myelinated groups of neurons divided between ascending tracts with sensory neurons and descending tracts with motor neurons |
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Term
| Coordination for locomotion |
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Definition
| simple repetitive motions are coordinated by central pattern generators |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid, involuntary, stereotypical responses to various stimuli |
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Term
| 5 features common to all reflexes |
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Definition
1. Receptor
2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
3. Synapse
4. Efferent (motor) neuron
5. Effector |
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Term
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Definition
| usually a specialized cell or cells that receive sensory input from an external or internal stimulus |
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Term
| Afferent (sensory) neuron |
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Definition
| a neuron that carries sensory data from the PNS to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| always occurs within the gray matter of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries motor data from the CNS to the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
the data carried causes a direct effect on the synapse at a structure that can be either:
a. muscle cell — occurs at the neuromuscular (myoneural) junction.
b. gland — occurs at the neuroglandular junction.
c. neuron — occurs at the neuronal junction. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are 31 pairs that emerge from the intervertebral foramina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each spinal nerve splits into these 2 branches |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates the skin and skeletal muscles of the back |
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Term
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Definition
| innervate the skin and skeletal muscles throughout the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when nerves fuse from separate intervertebral orgins, separate again and re-fuse to form a network of nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies the skin and muscles of the neck and diaphragm (e.g. phrenic nerve supplies the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies skin and muscles of the arm and shoulder (e.g. ulnar nerve supplies the 4th and 5th digits) |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies the skin and muscles of the anterior thigh (e.g. femoral nerve supplies the quadriceps femoris muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies the hip, psoterior thigh, and leg and foot (e.g. tibial nerve supplies muscles of the leg and foot) |
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Term
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Definition
| form membranes around the brain and spinal cord. They are protective, supportive, and nutritive. |
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Term
| Three membranes that form the meninges |
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Definition
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| is a strong, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that occurs farthest from the brain and spinal cord. It also serves as the periosteum within the cranium and vertebrae. |
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Term
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Definition
| projects downward into the longitudinal fissure to separate the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the two cerebellar hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| anchors the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a delicate, loose connective tissue membrane that is attached directly to the dura mater and pia mater. The CSF occurs in this layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin, loose connective tissue, highly vascularized membrane attached directly to the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral extensions of the pia mater that restrict movement of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension that anchors the tip of cauda equina to the sacrum |
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Term
| Spaces within the meninges |
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Definition
1. Epidural space
2. Subdural space
3. Subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| this space occurs between the dura mater and the bone. In the vertebral cavity there is some fat and other connective tissues, but in the cranial cavity there is no space between the bones and the dura mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| this potential space occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater |
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Term
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Definition
| this space occurs between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and contains a fair amount of CSF |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| involved with involuntary actions of the body. That is, it affects glands and muscle tissue (smooth and cardiac) that are under involuntary control |
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Term
| pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons |
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Definition
| The two sets of nerves that innervate their respective organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the interface between the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons is composed of this gray matter (terminal boutons and cell bodies) |
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Term
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Definition
| helps maintain homeostasis and is euphemistically known as the 'rest and digest' division |
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Term
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Definition
| helps mobilize the organ systems for emergencies or stress and is euphemistically called the 'fight or flight' division |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs near the stomach and innervates many organs and glands in that region. it stimulates cells in the adrenal medulla which release the hormone epinephrine |
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