Term
| cytogenetics studies what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a copy number variation? |
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Definition
| genomic variation that ranges from kb to mb in size |
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Term
| the p arm is the (long/short) arm |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you describe a chromosome with a centrally located centromere? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you describe a chromosome with a very distally located centromere? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gametes are (haploid/diploid) |
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Definition
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Term
| Somatic cells are (haploid/diploid) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organized arrangement of chromosomes according to a standard nomenclature and format |
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Term
| How do you make a karyotype? |
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Definition
-arrange chromosomes into pairs or morphological groups
-decreasing size
-number from largest to smallest (1 -> ?)
-X & Y arranged separately |
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Term
| How many chromosomes do dogs have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes do horses have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes do cattle have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes do pigs have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes do cats have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes do chickens have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sex chromosomes for birds & reptiles? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
In sperm, there will be a 50/50 ratio of male vs female chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is secondary sex ratio? |
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Definition
| the percentage of males vs females at birth |
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Term
| What factors might affect sex ratio? |
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Definition
| climate, litter size, reproductive technique, parity, stress, nutrition etc |
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Term
| What is tertiary sex ratio? |
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Definition
| the percentage of males vs females at maturity |
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Term
| How does thyroid hormone influence sex ratio? |
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Definition
| more female embryos produced when exposed to TH |
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Term
| How does temperature influence sex ratio? |
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Definition
| in reptiles (turtles especially), if eggs are exposed to higher temperatures you will get more females, lower temperatures = more males |
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Term
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Definition
| the male specific region of a sex chromosome, which cannot pair or undergo crossing over with an X chromosome. makes up 95% of Y |
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Term
| Which sex chromosome is 'gene rich', X or Y? |
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Definition
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Term
| Haemophilia A is associated with factor __ while haemophilia B is associated with factor ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme which maintains telomere length and becomes inactivated after birth |
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Term
| What might telomere length tell us about someone's health? |
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Definition
short telomeres associated with shorter longevity
-chronic stress shortens telomere length
-so does smoking |
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Term
| A trio of chromosomes is called a... |
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Definition
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Term
| If both pairs of chromosomes are missing it is called a... |
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Definition
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Term
| If one chromosome is missing it is called a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormal number of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| female missing an X chromosome |
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Term
| The chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a terminal deletion? |
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Definition
| the end of a chromosome is missing |
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Term
| When an 'inside' piece of a chromosome is missing this is called.. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a shift duplication? |
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Definition
| part of a chromosome is duplicated but the 'copy' is not adjacent to the original piece |
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Term
| What is a robertsonian translocation? |
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Definition
Occurs between two chromosomes, usually with acrocentric centromeres
-chromsomes break at centromeres
-the two long arms fuse to form one long chromosome
-short arms (p) often fuse as well but get lost |
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Term
| Interpret this bovine karyotype: 59rob(1:29)XY |
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Definition
XY = bull
rob(1:29) = robertsonian translocation between chromosome 1 & 29 |
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Term
| What is a meotic trivalent? |
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Definition
| when 3 chromosomes form a single structure during meiosis |
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Term
True or False
Meiotic trivalency is lethal |
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Definition
False
only if the trivalency is not balanced (need equal number of p & q arms) |
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Term
| Will an individual with robertsonian translocations pass this on to their offspring? |
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Definition
| 50% will carry the translocation, 50% will be normal |
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Term
| Reciprocal translocations are most common in... |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual with two chromosome complements from one zygote |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual with two chromosome complements from multiple zygotes |
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Definition
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Term
| What might cause mosaicism? |
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Definition
non-dysjunction in meiosis
anaphase lag |
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Term
| What karyotype does a female pseudohermaphrodite have? |
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Definition
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