Term
| What is International Human Resource Management (IHRM)? |
|
Definition
| IKRM is the study and application of all human resource management activities as they impact the process of managing people in enterprise in the global environment. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the challenges of IHRM? |
|
Definition
A. one challenge with International Human Resource Management can include aligning the HRM with the requirements of ompeting on a global market, but while also responding locally.
B. Another challenge associated with IHRM can include enhancing global competencies, capabilities, and mindsets within the HR functions. |
|
|
Term
| How does IHRM differ from Domestic Human Recourse Management? |
|
Definition
A. IHRM can be extremly dissimilar to Domestic HRM. For instance, IHRM requires that one engage in more HR functions and activities in support of the international strategies. Also, it requires developing a broader expertiae, perspective, and sensitivity to diversity and culture. IHRM becomes more involved in people's lives and can deal with manage a wider mix of emplyee. Also coping with more external factors and influence, and assuming a greater leavel of risk and liability for HRM errors are commonly found requirements of IHRM.
B. "It creates much increased levels of risk for HR/ER professionals." |
|
|
Term
| Qhat is Cross-Cultural Management? |
|
Definition
A. The first dimension is cross-cultural management. Cross-cultural management, in general, is the idea that every nation has its own unique sets of underlying calues and beliefs, and that these are reflected in the ways that societies operate, and in the ways that the economy operates and people work and are manages at work.
B."The study of national beliefs and calues of employees and how this impacts how we might manage them." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The second dimension of IHRM is comparative HRM. The comparative HRM tradition focuses more specifically on the way that people work and expores the differences between nations in the way theat they manage this process. In general, the comparative tradition makes more of the intituational differences than teh cultural differences.
B. "The study of different patterns of human resource management practices in different countries, and why these differences exist." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. The last dimension of IHRM is strategic IHRM. Strategic IHRM examines the way organizations manage their human resources across these different national contexts.
B. "The study of how campanies manage their employees across national borders." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A.Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations, which link distant realities in such a way that local happening are shaped many miles away.
B. Globalization can also be defined as the increasing interdependence among the world's communities and institutions such that global events.{GIDDENS} |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the diers of Globalization? |
|
Definition
| Some of the drivers of glabalization can include increased international trade, rapid/extensive global communication, rapid development/transfer of technology, increases in free-trade, the improving of education levels, e-commerce/Internet applications, searches for new markets, pressures to lower costs, the knowledge-sharing of global enterprises, and the migration of large numbers of people. |
|
|
Term
| hat are some contraints (restrictions) to Globalization? |
|
Definition
| Glbalization is not so easy. When companies/corporations look to globalize, they have to keep in mind the many immigration laws, tariffs/taxes, quotes, and capital controls. |
|
|
Term
| Wat are some "dualities"of Globalization? |
|
Definition
| Some dualitites of globalization can include different and even competing implication,increasing opprotunities byt threates/dangers, interdependencies but dislocations/rivalries, and global-local consequences. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of those global-local consequences of Globalization? |
|
Definition
A.There are always consequences behind every move, whether they are positive or negative effects. For instance, the emergence of developing countries as a cheap source of labor (i.r. China/India), the shift to low-cost production countries(I,r, Romania/Poland/ Hungary/ Mexico/ Brazil), and the off-shoring lower (and now higher) skilled jobs are all consquences of Globalization.
B."The decision that firms take on a global scale directly affect the livelihoods of people at a local level throughout the world." |
|
|
Term
| What is a Multinational Corporation? |
|
Definition
A. A multinational corporation is defined as an enterprise that operates in several countries, but is managed from one home country. In practive, once an enterprise derives more than one quarter of its revenues from outside its home country, it is considered an MNC.
B. MNC's may take any of four forms
1. A decentralized corporation that has a home-country presence.
2. A global and centralized corporation that can aquire a cost advantage through centralized production.
3. An international company that builds on the parent company's technology/research and development
4. A trasnational enterprise that combines all three of these approaches. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Multinational Enterprise (MNE)? |
|
Definition
| A multinational enterprise is not different from an MNC. however, some people prefer to use the term MNE because the word "corporation" impolies business organizations, whereas many other forms of organizations (non-governmental bodies or charities) might be deemed to have multinational characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Transnational Corporation (TNC)? |
|
Definition
| The term transnational corporation is typically used to describe much more complex organizations that have invested in foreign operations, have a central corporate facility, but give decision-making, R&D marketing powers to each individual foreign market. |
|
|
Term
| What is an International Joint Venture (IJV)? |
|
Definition
| IJV's are strategic alliances, which allow companies to gain competitive advantages through access to a partner's recources (including markets, technologies, capital, and people). |
|
|
Term
| What are Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A)? |
|
Definition
AMergers and acquitions is an aspect of corporate strategy, finance, and management dealing with the buying, selling, dividing, and combining of different companies and similar entities that can help an enterprise grow rapidly in its sector/locatino of origin, or a new field of lacation, without creating a subsidiary other child entity or using a joint venture.
B. The acquisiton (or takeover) is the purchase of one business or campany by another business or campany.
-Ex: In 2012, Apple ACQUIRED the Siri Softwar Company.
C. Ther merger (or consolidation) occurs when two companies combine together to form a new enterprise altogether, and neither of the previous companies survive independently.
-Ex: United Airlines and Continental Airline MERGERD. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)? |
|
Definition
A. An FDI is a foreign direct investment, or an investment by a company in a country other than that in which the company is based.
B. "Establishes a new office of manufacturing plant in another country." |
|
|
Term
| What is national culture? |
|
Definition
National culture, in general, has long been elusive construct, seemingly offering a ready explanation for observed cross-national differences in values and behavior, and yet very difficult to pin down in terms of definition, structure, or invariant processes that can yield infallible behavioral prescriptions.
B. According to Hofstede, national culture is the collective mental programming of the people in an environment, and is more clearly apparent to foreigners than to teh nationals themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Briefly define the three layers of culture: |
|
Definition
A.The first (and outermost) layer of culture is known as the Surface Culture. Surface Culture is what we see (dress, food, architecture, and customs).
B. The second layer of culture is known as the hidden culture. The hidden Culture is the values, religions, philosophies, and general views of rights and wrongs.
C. The innermost and most inexplicable layer of culture is the invisible culture. The invisible culture can be best defines as the culture's universal truths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the most influencial pieces of research in relation to national cultures was by the work of Hofstede. "Hofstede's framework" is widely used by researchers and practitioners in the field of intercultural management. Hofstede found that the differeneces in responses could best be explained by four main factors : power distance; uncertainty avoidance; indivualism vs. collectivism; masculinity vs. femininity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Power distance relates to the extent to which societies accept that the power in the insitutions and organizations is and should be distributed equally.
B. In organizational terms, this relates to the concentraion of authority and the degree of dictatorial leadership. basically, it measures how strong your hierarchy is in the society, and whether or not a leader is needed.
C. Societies with a "high power distance" feel that the superior is seen to be more powerful than their subordinates.
- Exs or countries with HPD: France;Greece ; Philippubes; Singapore; Arab Countries.
D. Societies with a "low power distance" favor a more democratic styler of management and a flatter organizational structure.
-Exs of countries with LDP: the USA; Israel; Germany; the UK |
|
|
Term
| What is Uncertainty Avoidance? |
|
Definition
A. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which societies try to avoid uncertain situations.
B. Uncertainty avoidance also refers to the question of : "how prepared are 'we' to take risks?"
C. In countries with high unertainty avoidance, organizations adopt strong bureaucracues and career stability and generally discourage risk-taking activities
-"A society in which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations"
-Exs of countries with HUA: France; Japan; Greece
D. In countries with low uncertainty avoidance organizations tend to adopt more flexible structure and encourage more diverse views.
- Exs of countries with LUA: Sweden; the UK; Norway; The USA |
|
|
Term
| What is individualism vs. Collectivism? |
|
Definition
A. Individualism reflects teh extent to which individuals are integrated into groups.
B. Where individualism is high, people are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate family only.
- EX of individualistic ocuntries:the USA; the UK; Italy: france
C. Where individualism is low (or collectivist societies). people are integrated into strong, cohesive groups, which throughout people's lives they need to be in the 'in-group' or they will not get support for anything. |
|
|
