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| anything that takes up space and has mass, all organisms are composed of matter |
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| a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions, 92 are recognized |
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| substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
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| four most common elements in life |
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| Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon (HONC) |
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| necessary for an organism to live a healthy life and reproduce |
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| required by an organism, but only in minute quantities |
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| smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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| positively charged subatomic particles that make up the nucleus with neutrons; the number of them, which is unique to an element, is called the atomic number |
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| subatomic particle with no charge that make up the nucleus with protons |
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| negatively charged subatomic particles which float around the nucleus in an electron cloud |
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| atoms of a given element with more or less neutrons |
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| isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
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| the capacity to cause change/do work |
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| energy that matter possesses because of its location |
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| energy that matter possesses because of its motion |
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| where an electron is located around the nucleus, each shell with a characteristic average distance and energy level |
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| electrons in the outermost electron shell (valence shell) that determine most of the chemical behavior of an atom |
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| three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time, it is impossible to know the exact location of an electron |
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| attraction that holds atoms together, strongest bonds are ionic and covalent |
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| a pair of shared electrons, expressed like H-H |
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| two pairs of shared electrons, expressed like O=O |
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| bonding capacity of an element and usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell |
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| attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond, more electronegativity leads to it more strongly pulling shared electrons towards itself |
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| a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element where the electrons are shared equally due to having the same electronegativity, causing a tug-of-war standoff |
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| one atom being attracted to a more electronegative atom, where electrons are not shared equally |
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| a specifically positively charged atom, due to losing an electron |
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| an atom with a negative net charge, due to gaining an electron |
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| caused by cations and anions attracting each other because of the opposite charge |
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| compounds formed by ionic bonds, also know as salts |
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| noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom |
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| Van der Waals interaction |
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| individually weak ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another |
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