Who is known as a trailblazer in career counseling?
Definition
John O. Crites
Term
What is the bold view that Crites has of career counseling versus personal counseling?
Definition
He believes that career counseling is needed more than personal counseling and that career counseling is more difficult than performing individual personal counseling.
Term
Who started the Boston Vocational Bureau in 1908 and is credited with beginning the guidance movement?
Definition
Frank Parsons
Term
True or false?
A counselor whose behavior is influenced by the "glass ceiling phenomenon" would encourage a female client to shoot for the stars because he feels women can advance as rapidly as men in the corporate world.
Definition
FALSE! A counselor impacted by the glass ceiling phenomenon would feel that women are limited in how far they can advance in the world of work.
Term
What is the glass ceiling effect?
Definition
an occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit a woman's career.
Term
What is the lavendar ceiling effect?
Definition
Similar to the glass ceiling effect, the lavendar ceiling effect is a stereotyping that limits the advancement in career for gay, lesbian, and transgendered individuals.
Term
What is a "displaced homemaker"?
Definition
A woman with children who was a homemaker, but now needs to work outside of the home to support her family.
Term
What is the term for a woman that transitions from homemaker to a job outside the home?
Definition
reentry woman
Term
True or false?
Focus on minorities in the workplace, including women, has really caught up with the focus on traditional career counseling for men.
Definition
FALSE! In career counseling, minority and women's issues are still lagging behind.
Term
What is the term used to describe a person who has a lifelong pattern of severe anxiety related to decision making and can make deciding on a career extremely difficult?
Definition
pervasive indecisiveness
Term
What percentage of college students have career difficulties?
Definition
50%
Term
What are the 3 factors of Victor Vroom's motivation and management expectancy theory?
Definition
Once a person is employed, his or her performance is influenced by:
1) valence- will the work provide rewards like money, promotion, satisfaction
2) expectancy- What does the person feel he or she is capable of doing?)
3) instrumentality- will the manager actually give the promised reward such as a raise
Term
True or false?
Research indicates that middle and high school students want career guidance counseling.
Definition
TRUE
Term
What is the percentage of marriages that are dual-income earners?
Definition
54% of all marriages
Term
What is the difference between vocational guidance and career counseling?
Definition
Vocational guidance is seen as an educational and development process where career counseling is seen as a therapeutic service for adults outside of the educational setting.
Term
What is the "changing view of work"?
Definition
Work used to be seen as a drudgery and a means to only pay the bills. Today, it is more of an outlet to express one's identity, self esteem, and status as well as fulfill emotional needs.
Term
What is "decrement" in psychology?
Definition
The notion in psychology that speed, skill, and retentions would decrease in old age. this was disproven by research.
Term
___________ is used to define the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.
Definition
Career
Term
What is the term used to describe activites one engages in for pleasure rather than money?
Definition
avocation
Term
True or false?
Dual-income families have more leisure time than single-income families.
Definition
FALSE! Dual income families have less leisure time.
Term
To determine if a companies hiring is in violation of the EEOC rules based on the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Process, the number of minority employees hired divided by the number of nonminorities must be at least what?
Definition
80%
Term
What theory supports the stance that a person can be matched to an occupation based on the outcome of psychologically testing one's personality?
Definition
Trait-and-factor theory
Term
What is considered the first major and durable theory of career choice?
Definition
Trait-and-factor Theory
Term
Who expanded upon Frank Parson's model of vocational counseling and was the spokesperson for the Minnesota Viewpoint?
Definition
Edmund Griffith Williamson
Term
What is the problem with most popular career theories?
Definition
They are based on middle-class to upper-middle-class white males who are heterosexual and not disabled only.
Term
What 2 individuals are associated with the Trait-and-factor theory also known as the actuarial theory of career counseling?
Definition
Parsons and Williamson
Term
True of false?
Trait-and-factor theory is grounded in differential psychology or the study of individual differences.
Definition
TRUE!
Term
What is a criticism of Trait-and-factor theory?
Definition
It is oversimplified and it assumes that a person's traits can be measured so accurately that an occupation is a one time process.
Term
What are the 3 steps Parsons said were needed to implement the trait-and-factor theory?
Definition
1) Knowledge of self, aptitudes, and interests
2) Knowledge of jobs
3) Matching the individual to work
Term
What type of approaches see vocational choice as a process that can change throughout a life span?
Definition
developmental approaches
Term
Who suggested that a personality approach to career choice is based on the premise that a job satisfies and unconscious need?
Definition
Ann Roe
Term
Describe Roe's "person-environment" theory
Definition
A psychoanalytic theory that draws from Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It supports the notion that needs that are satisfied do NOT become unconscious motivators, but needs that are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators.
Term
What did Ann Roe emphasize as being a major source of influence on later career choices?
Definition
early child rearing practices
Term
What are the 8 occupational fields identified by Ann Roe in her theory for career counseling?
Definition
1. service
2. business contact
3. organizations
4. technology
5. outdoor
6. science
7. genereal culture
8. arts/culture
Term
What are the 6 levels of occupational skill identfied by Roe in her career counseling approach?
Definition
1. Professional/managerial 1
2. Professional/ managerial 2
3. semi-professional/ small business
4. skilled
5. semi-skilled
6. unskilled
Term
what are the 3 basic parenting styles identified by Roe and what implications does that have in personality development?
Definition
1) overprotective
2) avoidant
3) acceptant
A person will develop a personality that either gravitates towards people or away from people
Term
According to Roe's theory, if a person gravitates towards people, what field of occupation are they likely to move toward?
Definition
service, business, organization, or general cultural
Term
According to Roe's theory, if a person gravitates away from people, which filed of occupation would they likely gravitate toward?
Definition
science, outdoor, or technology
Term
What two projective tests support Roe's theory?
Definition
TAT and Rorschach (both are projective tests
Term
According to Row, career choice is influence by genetics, parent-child interaction, ___________ motivators, __________ needs, interests, education, and intelligence.
Definition
unconscious
Term
In addition to Roe, who else saw career choice as a function of unconscious processes?
Definition
Edwin Bordin
Term
Who was a psychoanalytic career theorist who saw sublimation as a major influence on career choice?
Definition
A.A. Brill
Term
The most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of John Holland. What are the 6 basic personality types he identifies?
(Use the mneumonic "as rice")
Definition
1. artistic
2. social
3.realistic
4.investigative
5.conventional
6. enterprising
Term
What were the four main assumptions proposed by John Holland and his theory?
Definition
1. There are 6 personality types
2. Work environments correspond to these personlity types
3.People search out those environments that let them act out their personlity type
4. The individual's behavior is determined by the interaction of the personality with the environment
Term
What can personality theories also be known as?
Definition
structural theories
Term
Beside a personality theory, how has Holland's career choice theory been viewed?
Definition
Trait-and-factor approach
Term
What career choice appraisal or test is based on Holland's model?
Definition
Strong Interest inventory (SII)
Term
True or False?
Holland believed that early childhood development influenced adult personality characteristics.
Definition
TRUE--similar view to Ann Roe
Term
Who created the needs-press theory and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Definition
Henry Murray
Term
Who were the pioneers of developmental career theory?
Definition
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrod, and Herma
Term
According to the early developmental career theory, occupational choice takes place over a _____________ period.
Definition
6-10 year
Term
What are the 3 stages of developmental career theory with ages?
Definition
1. fantasy: until age 11 based on impulses
2. tentative: age 11-17 interests & abilities are examined
3. realistic: age 17+ choice made by weighing abilities and needs and making compromises
Term
How did developmental theory changes, per Ginzberg, in the 1970's?
Definition
The concept that career choice was irreversible was abandoned. Instead, choice was seen as open ended and life-long
Term
Who is the most popular developmental career theorist?
Definition
Donald Super
Term
Super's career theory emphasizes ___________.
Definition
self-concept
hint: Super and self-concept both begin with "s"
Term
What are the 5 life stages identified by Super?
Definition
1. Growth (birth to 14)
2. Exploration (15-24)
3. Establishment (24-44)
4. Maintenance (44-64)
5. Decline (65+)
Memory device MEDGE --Madge's cousin lol
Term
What did Super call the graphic display of roles unfolding over a person's lifespan?
Definition
the career rainbow
Term
Whose work is associated with "career maturity"?
Definition
John Crites
Term
What is another term for career maturity?
Definition
vocational maturity
Term
In regards to career, what theories propose that the individual has the power to CHOOSE from various career options?
Definition
decision-making theories
Term
Who proposed the decision-making theory of career choice?
Definition
David Tiedman and Robert O'Hara
Term
True or False?
Tiedman and O'hara felt the decision making process is best broken down into 3 parts.
Definition
FALSE: They thought it a two part process - the aniticipation stage and the implementation stage
Term
Who proposed a social learning apporach to career development?
Definition
Krumboltz
Term
On whose work did Krumboltz base his social learning approach to career development?
Definition
Albert Bandura
Term
What did Alfred Bandura emphasize in the acquisition of new behaviors?
Definition
the role of modeling
Term
What is learning which takes place by watching others called?
Definition
vicarious learning
Term
According to Krumboltz, occupational indecisiveness is an indication of ___________ rather than a lack of _______________.
Definition
information deficit; career maturity
Term
Krumkboltz social learning approach is considered a ______________ model of career development.
Definition
behavioral
Term
What are 2 popular behavioral techniques used in career counseling?
Definition
1. RJP (Realistic Job Preview)
student contacts worker in field and interviews the worker
2. Guided imagery
Have student imagine a day in the future wokring in the job
Term
Who suggested the behavioristic strategy of "job club"?
Definition
Nathan Azrin
Term
Besides job club, what else is Azrin known for?
Definition
pioneering guidelines for running a behavior modiofication token economy
Term
What theory to explain career development organizes information into 3 systems of predictive, value, and decision?
Definition
The Gelatt Decision Model
Term
Match the following:
a) Concerned with probable alternatives and actions
b)provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome
c) concerned with relative preferences about outcomes
___predictive system
___value system
___ decision system
Definition
_a__predictive system
_c__ value system
_b__ decision system
Term
Who is associated with the circumscription and compromise of career choice?
Definition
Linda Gottfredson
Term
What is the process of finding a job via the internet called?
Definition
job-netting
Term
What group of individuals is more likely to search for a job on the internet?
Definition
younger, lower paid workers
Term
What is the OOH?
Definition
the Occupational Outlook Handbook
Term
How often is the OOH revised and what information does it contain?
Definition
It is revised every 2 years and highlights salient factors of the job, necessary training, earnings, and advancement opportunities
Term
What is the DOT?
Definition
Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Term
In the DOT, each job was given a ______ digit code.
Definition
9
Term
To what do the first 3 digits of the DOT code of a job refer?
Definition
an occupational group
Term
True or False?
If a counselor is interested in trends in the job market, consulting the OOH is appropriate.
Definition
TRUE
Term
What is the SOC?
Definition
Standard Occupational Classification manual
codes job clusters via similar work function
Term
What is the SIC?
Definition
Standard Industrial Classification manual
classifies businesses in regard to type of activity engaged in
Term
Why is the OOH appropriate to suggest to a client in search of career information?
Definition
It is an easy-to-read source and easier to understand than some of the others sources available
Term
What has the classic DOT been replaced with?
Definition
O*Net (Occupational Information Network)
Term
What is underemployment?
Definition
When a worker is engaged in a position which is below his or her skill level.
Term
Currently, according to the OOH, what area will account for almost all the job growth?
Definition
service jobs
Term
What book was published by the US Department of Labor and lists groups of jobs listed in 14 interest areas?
Definition
The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
Term
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of __________.
Definition
Bandura
Term
What are SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover?
Definition
computer assisted career guidance systems or CACG
note: these could be called computer-based career information systems or CBCIS on the exam
Term
What is spillover?
Definition
When a person's work spills over into other areas of his or her life off the job.
Term
What is the compensatory effect?
Definition
a person uses his or her free time to do what they cannot do on the job
Term
What is the term sued to describe when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects the most recent job performance of that employee?
Definition
the recency effect
Term
What is it termed when a rater tends to give employees very hig/lenient or very low/strict ratings with none in between?
Definition
leniency/strictness bias
Term
When a rater rates almost everyone in the average range, they are said to display what?
Definition
central tendency bias
Term
What is the APGA?
Definition
American Personnel and Guidance Association
Term
What does lifestyle include?
Definition
work, leisure, and style of living
Term
What is another word for leisure or interests and activities outside of work?
Definition
avocation
Term
True or False?
The SII (Strong Interest Inventory) assesses ability.
Definition
FALSE: It assesses interests
Term
What is the SDS and why was it developed?
Definition
Also known as the Self-Directed Search, this test, developed by John Holland, was created to help those who did not have access to professional career counseling. It is self administered, self scored, and self interpreted.
Term
For whom would the SDS not be appropriate?
Definition
The grossly disturbed, uneducated, illiterate persons, and those having great difficulty making decisions
Term
How do achievement and aptitude tests differ?
Definition
Aptitude tests measure potential. Achievement tests measure your adeptness (current level of ability) at a skill.
Term
WHo believes that making a correct career choices means you must know your personal needs and choose a career that will meet most of those?
Definition
Robert Hoppock
Term
What are 3 trait-oriented theories of career counseling?
Definition
1.Trait-and-Factor (Parsons)
2.Person-Environment-Correspondence or PEC (Dawis & Lofquist)
3. John Holland's Typology (Holland)
Term
What is one thing the PEC theory assumes?
Definition
Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of work adjustment.
Term
What are the four key points of Dawis & Lofquist PEC theory of career counseling?
Definition
1. Work personality and work environment should be amenable.
2. Individual needs are most important in determining an individual's fit for a wrok environment.
3. Individual needs and the reinforcer system of that work setting are important aspects of stability and tenure.
4. JOb placement is best accomplished by matching worker traits with the requirements of a work environment.
Term
What source provides an index for level and patterns of abilities and reinforcers that different occupations provide?
Definition
Minnesota Occupational Classification System III
Term
According to John Holland, why are individuals attracted to certain careers?
Definition
Their particular personalities and backgrounds show that career choice is an extension or expression of personality.
Term
What did Holland stress in a person's search for vocational satisfaction and stability?
Definition
Self-knowledge (self-awareness and clear understanding of one's own wants and needs)
Term
Mitchell and Krumboltz recently changed the name of their career counseling theory to Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC).
True or False?
Definition
TRUE
Term
Krumboltz identified several types of problems that can arise from faulty self-observation, generalizations, or inaccurate interpretation of environmental conditions. All of the following are examples of such a problem EXCEPT:
a
b
c
Definition
Term
Chartrand indicated that contemporary models of __________ approaches have evolved
into "person x environment" approaches.
Definition
Trait and Factor
Term
The "job club" is based on the __________ principle of __________.
Definition
behavioral; positive reinforcement
Term
Information processing theory in career development is the work of who?
Definition
Term
Exploration, crystallization, choice, clarification, induction, reformation, and integration are developmental stages in the decision-making paradigm developed by what theorist?
Definition
David Teideman
Term
The computer-based instrument designed by Katz for the purpose of values clarification in career development is known as
Definition
SIGI
Term
Vocational maturity is a term coined by?
Definition
Super
Term
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma identified all but which of the following major periods in career choice?
Realistic
Fantasy
Tentative
Conflict
Definition
Conflict
Term
Who expanded on Super's concept of "career maturity" by doing extensive research?
Definition
Crites
Term
One task of the EEOC, or Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, is to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Careers are chosen upon what basis, according to Holland?
Definition
personalities
Term
Name a career interest inventory using Holland's occupational model as the framework around which its results are structured?
Definition
Term
Which career theorist developed a human relations counseling model with 3 life cycles and 3 life stages?
