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Definition
| Slide 2 .Some areas ofcortex and some medial related strucutres. C ingualte gyrus, orbital and medial prefrontal gyrus, parahippocmapal gyrus coming all the way aor udn int o the temporal lobe covering himpocampus and amygdala. More medially araanged nuceli including htalmic nuclei. Now talking about the ant erior nucleus and the dorsomedial nucleus. Mamiallary bodies and fornix. First identified as being area identified in any mammal and expected to have olfactory function. Green areas- related to affect/motivation drive. |
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| Vetnral basal gan glia will be talked about- in the limbic loop. Ventral bas al ganglia is the area of controlling the emotional loop./limbic loop. Last week talked abouthte motor loop. Dorsal straitum, dordsal basal ganglia. Distinguishing feature when talk about ventral structures compared with dorsal strucutres- motor and limbic fucntions. Vetn ral striatal areasi caleldn cu elus ac cumbens. |
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Definition
| Rim of cortex that is pa rt of the limbic lobe is shown here. C ingulate and moving into parahippocampal gyrus. Cingulate gyrus progressing rostrally, see subcallosal a and paraterminal gyrus underneath the corpus callosum. The uncus is part of the parahippocampal gyrus that has been seen already. |
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| nuclceusaccubmenslcoations slide 5/6 |
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Definition
| Nucleus accumbens in the ventral straitum. Really the area that is ventral , where the putamen and the caudate meet. Well delianted area. |
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| slide 7: ventral pallidum |
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Definition
| Ventral pallidumis ventral to globus pallidus. IT is very thing s trip , under anterior commissure and globus palildus. |
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Term
| slide 8 nuclei of the limbic system and associatedi nputs |
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Definition
| Nuclei associated with the limbic system are anterior nucleus of the thalamus and dorosmedial thalamus.. The conenctions for ant erior nucleus are giogn to be cing ualte gyrus , and the inputs come from mammillary bodies and hippocampus. The dorsomedial is associated with the amgydala , olfactory cortex and bas al ganglia. |
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Term
| association cortex function |
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Definition
| Association cortex : complex rocesing of sensory and motor information. – ivnovledin cognition. sensory ad motor information is received/goes out of primary areas, then goes to association areas. When get into association cortex, you combine all of those inputs making some sense of them presumably. More compelx kidns of processes that arehappening in association cortex. Association cortex dist inguishes from other primates. cognitive abilities. our pesosnality |
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Term
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Definition
| rousal areas and other cortical r egions .Cortico-cortical conencitons. Similar outputs to the same aereas as wel als brainstem and spinal cord, and even cerebellum as well. Indicates whath apepns in al lneocrotex. Six layers each layer isspecialized. These laeyrs are repeated in little columns. Eacho of htose columsn will hae funciotn in that areao f cortex. We have tightly organized system f columns much as we saw in cerebellum. Layer one- dendrites-dendritic layer. Two and three are small pyramidal neur osn that receive that receive nad project to other areas of cortex. IV is cells receivn from thalus. Four should be bigger in areas of s ensory cortex. V- layer in which yo use pyramidal cells which go tdow nto corticospinal tracts, those that go to basal ganglia and brainstem and other subcortical areas. Six goes down to the thalamus. at the very least leran areas four and five. lots variability about which relative sizes and presence of each part of the neocortex in various parts of the brain. i.e. primary motor has large area 5 (pyramidal cells) |
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| priamry visual cortex has a large area: |
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Definition
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| slide 13: prefrontal aassocaition cortex location |
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Definition
| 15:00 : described as frontal lobe , also prefrontalasosciation cortex (prefrontal area) . Prefrotna lasociation cortex is everything in front of suplllemntary motor area and premotor area. Still considered primarily motor functioning. Not typical association cortex. |
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Definition
| planning,insight, foresight, makinwg deciison abot objects and situations |
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| functions of the frontal lobe |
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Definition
big three: inhibiting inaprpopraitebehaviors, allowsm otivaiton to pursue postiiveactivities, planning tasks.
Details:personality:Nhibit innspprotripate ebhaviors, inhibit innapropriate responesdelay gratification, judgement and foresight: takinginitiative- so we can get up and do what we need to do in the morning . Spontanaitey movitaition drive creativity. Functions that order thigns. = premotor and sumpllementary areas already do some of these functions. Function of frontal loei s praxis. Ordering and planning things. Many fo the problems ca be referred to as apraxia . Exectuvei function describes al tlhese thigns : read definition on slide. |
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| dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex position and function |
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Definition
| Dorslateral- on the convexity of the frontal lobe- going ove the edge. Other area- internal- is the ventromedial. Divided further= ventromedial divied further. Dorsolateral area- mainly on the lateral hemisphere , specializes in applying rules and strategies, deciding on logical moves. |
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| lesions with dorsolateral probelms |
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Definition
| apathy, inability to filter out irrelevant aspects, |
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| slide 16: ventromedial prefrontal cortex location and function |
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Definition
| medial prefrontal cortex plus orbital gyri and anterior cingulate- areas we could consider limbic system. Funciton- motivation-socially acceptable behavior |
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| ventromedial lesion effect |
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Definition
| Lesoins that affect here effected fineus gauge. Losign bility for self control- impulsive , socially inappropriate. Attributubal to ventromedial area fo cortex. Disinbhited behavior and poor judgement. |
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| amygdala functions and location (slide 18) |
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Definition
control of behaviors and processign of emotions: important in self control. located anteirior to hippocampus: in temporal lobe.
associated the appropriate learned emotion to a sensory input. I.E. if sound conditioend to painful stimulus amygdala with activateto avoid that stimulus. Lots of ensory input to amgydlaa, and amygdala has outputs thati nfluence automonomic and motor activies. |
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Term
| three nulcei of amygdala and their functions |
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Definition
| central group: Proejcts to hypothalamus and brainstem, medial nucleus: projects to olfactory cortex and bulb. basolateral nucleus: connectsto cerebral cortex-especialy orbitofrotnal medial cortex and association areas of atnerior temproal loe |
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Term
| damage to amygdala effects |
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Definition
| loss of emotional responses to stimuli, and emotiona lresposnes in general. And over attention to sensory stimuli. Cant pick up eiotnoal expressions in other people |
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| amygdala basolateral nulcei connections |
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Definition
| conents to prefrontal and orbital area. Libmic loop through vental basa lganlia, gates behavior . |
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Term
| emotions are primitive instincts, look at babiesf or evidence |
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Definition
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| experssion of emotiona lexperience slide 26 |
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Definition
| even with lesions to corticobulbar tract, emotional expression toface can s til lbe done- via ventralmedial forebrain. THerei s a contrast between volitional movement ,and emotional expression. Ventromeidal also has conenctiosn to brainstem and reticular formation . |
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Term
| limbic loop pathway (slide 28) |
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Definition
| starts with anterior cingulate ,obrital frontal cortex, amygdala , hypocampus,temporal cortex which activates ventrial striatum (nuluceus acucmbens), this inhibits ventral palladium which is an inhibitor of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus . this results in disinhibtion and so mediodorsal nlceus is ablet o activate cortical targets. |
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| basal ganglia pathway relationship to limbic loop (slide 29) |
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Definition
| ventral tegmental area is able to release dopamine towards nulceus acucmbens further activating it. Most liekly released i naticiaption of some sort of reward. (studiedi ntaste phsyiology and substance abuse). it is a direct BG pathway. |
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| ventral tegmental area location |
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Definition
| dorsal and medial to substantia nigra. |
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Term
| significance of dopamine on limbic system |
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Definition
| it motivates us to get hwat we desire. may lead to habit ormation. And risk takign behavior in order to pursue those desires. |
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| areas that pleasurable drugs affect |
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Definition
| the nulceus accumbens and the ventral tegmentum |
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| slide 33 of limbic functinos |
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Definition
| front areas are infolved in emotional processing (green), while back areas are involved in learning |
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Term
| declarative memory definitioa dn types |
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Definition
| memories that can be brought to consciouenessa nd described. Semantic (facts). Episodic (I remember this event) |
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| nondeclarative memory slide 34 |
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Definition
| largely uncosncious and suboctically formed memories . procedural memory (motor basal ganglia portion), emotional responses (amygdala) , skeleteal muscle strucures (cerebelluM) |
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Term
| temporal categorieso f declarative memoreis |
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Definition
| immediate memory (seconds), workign emmoery( i.e. working on a project (minutes), long term emory. Movemetn of working emmeory to long term meory is the work of hte hippocampus. This is called consoldiation |
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| anterograde amnesia causes and definition |
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Definition
| inability to eastablish new semantic and episodic memories. Due to lesion in pathways for memory formation. |
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Definition
| inaiblity to access old memories, msot ocmmon with nuerodegeneration or head trauma |
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| slide 37 limbic . hippocampus structure |
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Definition
| hippocampus mamilary body , fornix, . If look into temproal lobe we see both hippocampus comign together at commis and fornix goign to mamillary bodies. |
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Definition
| our memroy of direcitosn ,lcoatiosn ,how to get to places etc. mediated by hippocampus. |
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Definition
| various areas of association cortex project to hippocampus via entrohinal cortex. also cingulate gyrus proejcts via pathway through fornix. |
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| slide 41 hippocampal cross sectional a natomy |
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Definition
| If we look at creoss section at hippocampal area – we can se eit near temproa lhron of alteral ventricle . ouc a n seet hat it is three layers of cortex. Very tightly packed. Looked like an s. Two itnerlockin C;s. Smallest area is the dentate gyruss, we wrap around to area called theh ippocampsu proper and sabiulculum. Assocaited with entorhinal cortex. Parrahippocampal grus- entrohinal cortex is one part of parahippocampal gyrus. |
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| slide 42 of limbic : hippocampal development |
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Definition
| Development- each of these areas through maturity to adultghood. You see hippocampus and the four areas, they convulate in s shaped way. At the very ti pyo uahve the dentate and the ihippcoampsu ,sebiculu mand paraahippocampal gyrus. This is showing the two differnet sides. So you can be oriented , left and right. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by loss of temporal lobe (specifically amygdala). loss ofemotioan lresponse to sensory stimuli, , loss of fear, reage agression, overatesnion to sensory stimuli |
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Definition
| through the fornix- anterior nulceus of thalamus and mamillary bodies |
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| slide 41 of limbic structures lecture: hippocampal celualr organiation |
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Definition
| dividedi nto ca1-ca4 ,withca4 beign in teh hylus of the dentate gyrus an area improtant for memroy formation (ca1-ca4) |
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| slide 49: anatomy of hippocampus |
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Definition
| Actual cell alyers- ca4 in dentate, also see ca3-ca1. Also Entorhinal cortex, subiculum ,h ippocampusa nd dentate gyrus at ca4. |
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Term
| perforant path purpose ,and apthway |
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Definition
| learnign in hippocampus. A path straight . Start with enterohinal cortex sending signals to granule cells of dentate gyrus, mossy fibers are sent from granule cells to ca3 pyramidal cells , these are then sent to ca1 via schaffer collaterals |
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| locatiosn of Cas in hippocampsu (slide 47) |
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Definition
| ca4-hilus ofd enate, ca2-3-h ippocampus, sa1- clsoes t to subiculum. |
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Term
| parahippocampal gyrus = enterorhinal cortex |
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Definition
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| parahippocampal gyrus = enterorhinal cortex |
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Definition
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Definition
| the idea that high frequency depoalraziation of a particular synaptic receptor concurrent with activation will lead to Easier activationa and higher EPSP for that pathway. |
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Definition
specificity- high frequency depolarization of one synaptic pathway will lead to easie activation of that pathway , but not easier activation of a paparellel synaptic pathway to the same cell.
Associativity- weak stimulation of a pathway which is the neighbor of a strongly depolarized pathway, leads to LTP of both. All synaptic pathways invovledi n LTP are through SHcaffer colalterals |
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Term
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Definition
Glutamate is released and binds to AMPA receptors which allow naplus in, however, gluatamte bidign to nmda does nothign ,as mg2plus is still blocking the hcannel. Ocne hte cel lis depoalrized enoguh mg2plus leaves theh cannel and calciu mis now able to enter. THe addition of calcium does a bunch of secondary messenger changes, including icnreased protein kianse which resutls in more Ampa receptors beign implantedi tno membrane.
SPECIFICITY- explain by the fact hat ltp will only occur at those syanspes which are arleady releasing glutamate, jsu depoalrizigni sn ot enough to relase mg2plus.
Associativey- if a synapsei s wewakly associated , it is alrady releasing glutamate but not enoug htto depolarzie the cell .enighboring depolarization is enough to cause enogu depolarization for the release of this mg. |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior cingualte gyrus to hipocampus to mamillary bodies to atnerior nucleus of hte thalamus |
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