Term
| Name the 7 Properities of Language |
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Definition
Communication, Cultural Transmission,
Discreteness, Duality, Displacement
Arbitrariness
Productivity |
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Term
| State the 4 Manners of Articulation |
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Definition
| Stops, Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals |
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Term
| What is the difference between allophones and phonemes? |
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Definition
Alophones do no occur in the same enviornment, they occur in comoplementary distribution. If they do not cause a meaning disction between the members of a minimal pair, they can be allophones.
Phonemes CAUSE the meaning of a word to change, and have a minimal pair that consists of 2 words that are only distinct in 1 sound in the SAME position |
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Term
Syllable Structures:
The nucleus and coda form a ______
Open Syllables have no __________ |
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Definition
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Term
Derivational Affixes may change the grammatical cateogry of a word:
Name some for PREFIXES that attach to:
Nouns :_______
Adj :_________
Verbs: ___________ |
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Definition
Nouns: anti- mis-
Adj: in- un-
Verbs: de- dis- un-
mis- re- |
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Term
Derivational Affixes may change the grammatical cateogry of a word:
Name some suffixes that change:
N->Adj
N-> V |
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Definition
N->Adj : -al, -ful -ic -y
N-> V : -ize |
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Term
Derivational Affixes may change the grammatical cateogry of a word:
Name some suffixes that change:
Adj->N
Adj->V |
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Definition
A->N : -ness -ity
A->V : -ate |
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Term
Derivational Affixes may change the grammatical cateogry of a word:
Name some suffixes that change:
V->Adj
V->Noun |
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Definition
V->Adj : -ive -able
V->Noun : -ant -ion -er -ment -ance |
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Term
| Name the 9 english inflectional affixes |
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Definition
1. -ing
2. Plural s
3. Possessive s
4. objective /m/ (the, a)
5. paste tense ed
6. 3rd person singular s
7. Past Participle -en (auxillary be)
8. Comparative: higher, faster
9. Superlative: loudest, bravest |
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Term
| 1. Is -en part of the ALLOMORPHE of the morpheme plural for oxen? |
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Definition
| 1. No it is not, because affixes but be productive (occurs more than once) |
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Term
go-went is an example of what kind of allmorph?
child-ren : the -ren can be described can also be descirbed as this type of allmoprh from child |
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Definition
suppletion
-ren from children is suppleted and also an inflectional morpheme |
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Term
| Name the 9 english inflectional affixes |
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Definition
1. -ing
2. Plural s
3. Possessive s
4. objective /m/ (the, a)
5. paste tense ed
6. 3rd person singular s
7. Past Participle -en (auxillary be)
8. Comparative: higher, faster
9. Superlative: loudest, bravest |
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
Wolkenkrtzer('cloud scraper') which translates into the Englihsh skyscraper.
Or the spanish perros calientes (literally 'dogs hot') for hot dogs |
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Definition
| Load-translation or calque which is a form of BORROWING |
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
aspiritn, nylon, zipper, kleenex, teflon, zerox, sandwich |
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Definition
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
Ottwa, Toronto from Algonquian.
Algebra from Arabic via Spanish |
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Definition
| Borrowing (NOT loan translation) |
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
binary/digit = bit
breakfast/lunch = brunch
motel = motor/hotel |
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Definition
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
television (from televise)
donate (forom donation)
enthuase (from enthuasiam)
liaise (from liaison)
babysit (from babysitter) |
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Definition
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
doubt, daily, knife, cripple, warm, butter, bottle, vacation, can |
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Definition
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Term
What type of word-formation process does thid describe:
ad, prof, bike |
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Definition
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Term
Name all the WORD-FORMTION processes involved in the word:
car-phone |
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Definition
| clipping (telephone to phone) and Compounding |
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Term
Free lexical morphemes BELONG to what kind of class of morphemes?
Name some: |
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Definition
Free lexical morphemes belong to
an OPEN CLASS of morpehemes includes
ADJ, Verbs, Adverbs, nouns |
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Term
Functional morphemes BELONG to what kind of class of morphemes?
Name some: |
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Definition
Closed class of morphemes:
Prepositions: under, of , above, in
Conjuctions: and, but while:
pronouns: he, her they us,
Articles: the, a |
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Term
Name the type of transitivity involved in each of the verbs:
He ARRIVED ________
He KISSED the girl ___________
He GAVE us a book |
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Definition
Intransitive
Transitive
Distransitive |
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Term
Adjectives that are at an end of a sentence are known to be in __________ use.
While they can be in front of nouns (modieirs_ and are known to be in ________ use |
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Definition
Predicative use :The apple is RED
Attributieve use: My GREEN house |
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Term
| Name some Speech varieites (varieities of sytle) |
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Definition
Registers, : defined according to prestige, membership to a social group
Jargon, - defined in terms of membership to a group
Sociolects, - varieites described by ling factors tied to social variables
Dialects, variety described by ling factors, tied to geographical variables
Standard - superimposed variety, ideal, described by 'correct' ling features |
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Term
| What is the difference between Pidgin and Creoles? |
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Definition
| A Pidgin is a contact language developed between traders (mix), so it has NO native speakers, but Creoles are descendeants of Pidgins, so are restricted in usage and have no native speakers because when a pidign survives, the generation born acquiares the lang as a first language. |
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Term
| WHen does Decreolization happen? |
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Definition
| Decreolization happens when a language that may have contributed to the Creole (former Pidgin) receives higher prestige and becomes dominant. IN extreme cases, Creoles disappear or become high-presitige variants. |
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Term
| Name the 5 stages of Language Planning |
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Definition
1. Selection
2. Codification
3. Elaboration
4. Promotion and Implementation
5. ACCEPTANCE |
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Term
| Name the 5 stages of Language Planning |
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Definition
1. Selection
2. Codification
3. Elaboration
4. Promotion and Implementation
5. ACCEPTANCE |
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Term
The following features describe what kind of English:
1. deletion of /r/ between a vowel
2. Consonant cluster simplicfication
3. Doulbe negatives
4. Deletion of verb be (also found in some Newfoundland dialects) |
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Definition
| ANswer: African American English AAE |
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Term
| What is the difference between Accents and Dialects? |
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Definition
Accents only refer to PRONUNICATION.
Dialects in contrast refer to gelgraphical areas with respect to GRAMMAR< PRONUNICATIOn , and VOCABULARY |
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Term
List the 6 possible rules we have studied about Phonetical Plaussibility
(DISCAP) |
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Definition
Deletion
Intervocalic Voicing
Stops become fricatives
Consonants voicless at end of words
Assimilation of Place of Articulation
Palatalization |
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Term
| In Diachronic analysis(the predicatble and syematic changes), we can study changes in 5 ways (according to the notes) what are they, and give one example? |
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Definition
1. Phological changes - Great Vowel Shift/ Metathesis/ephethesis/porthesis
2. Morphophological changes - case markers
3. Syntactic changes - flexibility in order of words in OE.
4. Lexical Changes - Borrowings and Loss such as words like beseem :to be suitable
5. Sematnic change: Broadening and Narrowing/Meaning shifts |
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Term
| What are the 4 parts of the brain, and briefly what are they responsible for? |
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Definition
1. Broca's area - articuation, inflectional and functional morphemes.
2. Wernicke's area - compreh & sel of words
3. Arcuate Fasiculus - connects Broac and Wernicke's area.
4. Angular Gyrus - between Wernicke and visual cortext. Converts visual stimul into audiotyr stimuli allowing us to match spoken form of a word with the object it descirbes |
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Term
| What is Dichotic listening? |
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Definition
| What is experienced on the right side of the body is processed in the left hemisphere |
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Term
| What are the charactieristcs of the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
Right Hemisphere: non-linguistic processing, holistic; advantages for
melodies, enviornmental sounds |
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Term
| What connects the left and right hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 5 symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia |
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Definition
1. Fluent Speech
2. Difficult to comprehend
3. Repeated Tip of the Toung Phen
4. Paraphrasing
5. No or little compr that something is wrong. |
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Term
| List the syptoms of Broca's Aphasia. |
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Definition
1. Distorted Articulation
2. Slow, effortful speech
3. Frequent omission of function words
4. Inflectional Markers are missing
Difficulty interpreting PASSIVE sentences |
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Term
| List the symtpoms of Conduction Aphasia. |
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Definition
1. No Articulation Problems
2. Distorted rhthym (pauses, hestitation)
3. Good comprehension of spoken word, difficult to repeat previous heard words |
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Term
| Name 5 characteristics of caretaker speech (motherese) |
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Definition
| simple sentence structure, repetion, few incomplete sentences, short sentences, imperatives and Q's, higher pitch, exaggerated intonation and stress, longer pauses, restricted voca, concrete reference to here and now, few utterances per conversational turn. |
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Term
List the 5 Stages of Language
Aquisition (Mean Lenght of Utterance
vs age) |
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Definition
1. Cooing and Babbling
2. Phonological development - stopping.
3. Syntactic Deveopment - one word etc.
4. Morphotical development (overgeneralizations etc)
5. Semantic Development (Overextension) |
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Term
| IN the one word stage, what are the 3 general tendencies in pronunication? |
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Definition
1. Vowels are generally acquired consonants.
2. Stops before other consonants
3. Regarding place of art: labials before alveolars, velars and alveopalatals, interdentals are acquired last. |
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Term
What are the stages of Syntactic development?
(Hint: there are 5 stages) |
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Definition
1. One Word Stage
2. Two Word Stage
3. Telegraphic Speech
4. Questions
5. Negation |
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the folloing pair of words:
suite, sweet |
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Definition
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the folloing pair of words:
Mature, ripe |
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Definition
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the folloing pair of words:
Shallow, deep |
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Definition
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the folloing pair of words:
move run |
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Definition
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following pair of words:
table, furniture |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following pair of words: as GRADABLE or NON-GRADABLE antonyms : big-small |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following pair of words: as GRADABLE or NON-GRADABLE antonyms : old-young |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following pair of words: as GRADABLE or NON-GRADABLE antonyms : absent- present |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following pair of words: as GRADABLE or NON-GRADABLE antonyms : fail pass |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following pair of words: as GRADABLE or NON-GRADABLE antonyms : fair, unfair |
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Definition
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following words:
king-crown; The President - the White house.
car-wheels, house-roof |
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Definition
| Metonymy - when a word is used in place of another word or expression to convey the same meaning |
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following words:
head of your body, glass of bear, dept store.
foot(of person, of bed)
run(water, colors do)
chips(computers,eating) |
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Definition
| Polysemy - one word has several related meanings: |
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following words:
club (blunt weapon) and club (social organization)
Same spelling and Same pronunication, different meaning. |
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Definition
Homonym (written and spoken)
Same spelling and Same pronunication, different meaning. |
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Term
What is the basicl LEXICAL relation ship between the following words:
lead(noun) , lead (verb) |
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Definition
| Homograph: Same spelling only (not necessarily pronunication - would make it a Homonymy) |
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Term
Identify the sematnic role of the CAPTILALIZED NOUN PHRASE.(Agent , theme etc.)
Fred whacked the BALL from the WOODS to the GRASSY AREA near THE RIVER |
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Definition
| Theme, Source, Goal, Location, Experiencer. |
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Term
| Give an example in each of the 5 stages of 1st Language Acquisition |
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Definition
1. Cooing and Babbling - pbm are frequently found consonants
2. Phonological development: liquids pronounced as glides - glidding
3. Syntactic development - in one word stage, vowels are genearlly acqired beforec consonants
4. MOrphological development - overgeneralization
5. Semantic Development - underextension |
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Term
| List the 5 changes that occur in diachornic analysis |
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Definition
1. phonological - vowel shift
2.morphological - OE case system
3. syntactic - OE flexibility of order
4. Lexical - borrowing/loss
5. sematnic - broadening/narrowing |
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Term
| To a speaker of the 17th centuray meat mean food and flesh meant meat. Is this an example of narrowing or broadening? |
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Definition
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Term
| Middle english dogge was only a certain breed of dog . Is this an example of broadening or narrowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| This term describes virtual lines that are drawn between dialects for certain linguistic properities. |
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Definition
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Term
| This term describes what happens when a language that may have contributed to a Creole receives higher prestige and becomes the dominant variety. |
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Definition
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