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| A variety of language based on geographical or social distribution; includes distinctive accent, vocabulary, and grammar |
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| Language is spoken in a state that has chosen to give it some power. Dialects become languages for political/social reasons, not for linguistic ones. |
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| Independence; languages that have been politically defined as different, languages that are independent of each other, different centers of prestige |
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| Dependence; languages/dialects that have been defined as falling under a common language, look to the same centers of prestige (can be languages of their own, like in Italy) |
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| Variation tends to lie along a continuum- a gradual passage from one dialect to another. 3 basic levels, including acrolect, mesolect, and basilect. Most people slide up/down the scale depending on the situation (this is code-switching!) |
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| most prestigious form, used in formal situations by educated speakers (usually the upper class) |
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| An intermediate variety, used in less formal situations by a majority of speakers from all classes |
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| The low variety, used in informal situations by the least educated speakers (usually from the lower classes) |
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| Each speaker's own individual variety of language |
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| an imaginary lines that marks the boundaries of areas where a particular form is used by speakers. Can include features at all linguistic levels (phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, etc.) |
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| May mark a dialect/language boundary (when many isoglossess surround/separate the same group of people, it indicates that the speech of that group is different in a number of ways) |
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| Nonmobile, Older, Rural, Males (dialect studies before the 60s used to focus on them, b/c regional words stayed with them the longest) |
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| linguists predicted this neutral network standard as the result of television, radio, and other mass media outlets contributing to dialect uniformity |
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| first network standard, the dialect of Inland Northern from the Great Lakes area. Became standard because people moved in/out spreading it, movie stars spoke it, and media pronunciation guides were based on it. |
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| Sound changes in the urban U.S. and Canada |
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| main changes include vowel merger (loss of distinction between sounds in cot and caught), pin/pen merger (no difference in pronunciation), "chain shifts" (vowel shifts, both northern and southern shifts- like the Great Vowel Shift) |
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| no major differing dialects, because the U.S. is a fairly new country with a short history. |
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| Rose in Europe between the 15th-19th centuries, standardization helped by the sociological and geographic mobility associated with industrialization and urbanism |
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| Standard English in Britain, known as Received Pronunciation. 2 kinds of RP: marked vs. unmarked |
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| normal and unexceptional form used by teachers, announcers, educated people in general. |
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| Used by the royal family and aristocracy |
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| an educated, London-based variety |
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| English used in Great Britain, the US, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia |
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| English spoken in India, Kenya, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, etc. |
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| English spoken in Egypt, China, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Russia, etc. |
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| Why people keep their accents-some young people speak in an "old-fashioned" manner to differentiate themselves from visitors/strangers |
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| found in speaking in older ways, in forms that normally are considered non-standard. Like using profanity to sound tough, which is valued in some groups. |
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| People adapt their speech to their conversation partner. Their speech may converge to minimize distance or diverge to show distance. Sometimes people maintain their speech style. Theory based on theories from social psychology |
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| One way to measure attitudes toward other dialects/languages: where a person who speaks 2 dialects/languages is taped saying the same thing and listeners rate the speakers on a list of qualities. Gives researchers insights into language attitudes. |
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