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| Languages of Wider Communication (LWC) |
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| Also called lingua francas, or auxiliary languages- languages that are used to facilitate communication among speakers of different languages. LWCs also used to communicate internationally. (English used for air traffic control everywhere) |
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| spring up when they are needed, often for trading and political purposes. (Classical Arabic is currently an auxiliary language among the Islamic countries) |
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| Dr. Zamenhof's attempt to create an artificial auxiliary language, the most successful of all the attempts to create one. Never gained widespread acceptance because of the huge number of native speakers of English and Chinese (these languages have a huge head start on artificial languages) |
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| Language that comes about as a result of contact between two groups who speak different languages and do not understand each other. Often the reason is trade. They are used in contact situations. |
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| also known as the lexifier, or dominant language. Words from the superstrate are spoken in and used inside the syntax of the substrate language |
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| Pidgins are commonly thought of as... |
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| "simplified, basic languages (equated w/children's language), has 2 forms of "we"- INCLUSIVE (you and I) and EXCLUSIVE (someone else [not you] and I) |
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| Typical features of pidgin languages |
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Definition
| 1) simpler phonology (5 to 7 vowels) 2) Smaller Vocabulary (primarily drawn from lexifier/superstrate language) 3) large number of polysemous words 4) words can function as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs 5) few prepositions 6) few inflectional morphemes |
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| die a relatively quick death, like pidgins that developed around US army bases in those Korea and Vietnam during the wars |
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| elaborated pidgins, used in a wide variety of circumstances in a multilingual area and thus grow (through their use) into creoles |
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| any two languages. Pidgins are divided into Atlantic and Pacific pidgins, but all English-based pidgins share a core vocabulary. |
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| Pidgins/Creoles typically share more structures with... |
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| each other than they do with their source languages. |
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| MOTHER TONGUES. (un-useful pidgins die, useful pidgins become lingua francas and in the process become nativized (acquire native speakers) and become creoles. |
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| explain pidgin/creole origins by putting the emphasis on the acquisition of the superstrate (more powerful) by speakers of the substrate language. 2 superstrate theories |
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| a superstrate theory; when people speak to individuals trying to learn their language as a second language, they speak slowly in short simple sentences. Thus, pidgins/creoles take on aspects of this simplified language |
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| The Imperfect Second Language Learning Hypothesis |
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| a superstrate theory; pidgins and creoles are the result of failed attempts at learning the superstrate language |
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| The Foreign Talk and the Imperfect Second Language Learning Hypothesis are both examples of polygensis theories. They claim that they derive from multiple sources. |
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| Theories that languages derive from a single source. (some theories say pidgins/creoles are similar because they drive from similar Indo-European and West African languages. |
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| 15th century Portuguese-based trade language that was the lingua franca of the Crusades. The Portuguese spread this pidgin through their exploration/colonization. One monogenesis theory is that all pidgins descended from this language. (but its discarded now) |
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| says that the principles of language are genetically hard-wired into us; thus, pidgins and creoles are alike because they share underlying processes (everyone is hardwired for language in the same way) |
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| Difference between pidgins, creoles and dialects? |
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| Pidgins are contact languages by definition; dialects are not. Dialects are usually mutually intelligible, while pidgins are not intelligible to a speaker of either the superstrate or the substrate. |
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| the presence of a number of intermediate varieties that bridge the gap between the three lects (acrolect, mesolect, and basilect) |
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| when creoles come into contact with a standard version of one of their constitutive languages, they become decreolized (more like the standard). This starts when a creole subsists alongside the lexifier language (which is usually the acrolect, which gives the speaker a good reason to adapt their language). |
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| Why do speakers decreolize their creoles? |
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| By speaking standard languages, people have access to better employment prospects and enjoy more social prestige. Examples of this happening: Hawaii and the Caribbean. |
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