Term
FINAL REVIEW:
List at least 3 language developments that separate Middle English from Modern English. |
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Definition
* The Great Vowel Shift
* Thou (informal) v. You (formal)
* “Do” and different uses as time passes
* Possessive marker (‘stones’ and ‘stone his’), Plural Marker, 3rd person singular
* inflection (-s) |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Description of the Great Vowel Shift: |
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Definition
* When it took place: 1500-1700 Modern English period
* Time Span:
* Changes: A shift up and affects long vowels
i:----- dipthongs
\
e:
\
E:
\
a: |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
The approximate span of the early modern English period: |
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Definition
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
What are inkhorn terms? What does their use suggest about early modern English speakers’attitudes toward their native language? |
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Definition
* Inkhorn terms are newly coined words that are anglicised.
* They were French & Latin words that were being transformed.
* This suggests that educated & higher class people used them. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Describe the thou/you distinction during the early modern English period. |
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Definition
| Thou (infromal) was used for the social inferior but was dropped & you (formal) took over. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Briefly describe the prestige (or lack thereof) of each of the following early modern English dialects:
North
South
West |
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Definition
* North: Shepherd’s Calendar & Spencer. Archaic. ROMANTICISED & Old words used in a POETIC DIALECT.
* South: Standard & the language of court, it was the most sophisticated.
* West: For the ignorant and clown figures. NO EDUCATION. Negative. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Describe the linguistic nature of 18th century correspondences. What are the benefits of the letters to historical linguists? What difficulties do they pose? |
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Definition
* Letters were written formally because people thought everyone would see it.
* The nature is artistic.
* Difficulties: Rhetorical strategy, linguists can’t get an idea of what informal language looked like |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Describe spelling standardization and practice during the 18th and 19th centuries. |
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Definition
* Spelling is not standardized.
* The difference between formal, public, printed documents, and letters to friends was casual. Printers created a more standardized spelling for words. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
What is a linguistic “shibboleth”? Give at least one example of a 19th century English shibboleth. |
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Definition
* A word or pronounciation that sets you apart from the standard
ex: Dropping the 'h' at the beginning of the word made you look ignorant |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Explain how technological advances during the 19th century give rise to greater standardization of the English language. |
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Definition
* Telegraphs
* voice recordings
* telephones
* steam powered printing press (allowed more people to afford papers)
* 1870 reform: education available to everyone so more people learned how to read and write. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
What shift in the general attitude of English speakers around 1700 can be used to distinguish between early modern and contemporary English? |
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Definition
| Contacts with other countries, exploration, and colonialism, decrease in insecurity towards English because it was now seen as THE language. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Describe the historical and social circumstances that result in word-borrowing from such places as Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, and the Americas from the 16th century onward. |
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Definition
| Trading and England colonized. Spread of the empire. Words were needed to describe the items that they were not familiar with so they were borrowed. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Discuss the occasions which give rise to pidgins and creoles, as well as the difference between the two. |
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Definition
Pidgin: when two people meet and they use a simplified language; Preliminary needed to communicate. When two people have a need to communicate doing the best they can.
Creole: native language of pidgin. A language in its own right. |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Which 20th century events lead to the development of English as an important world language? |
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Definition
* The Great Wars: WWI & WWII.
England, America, & Allies were victorious.
* Globalization.-international organizations conducted in English
* Cold War: Capitalist v Communists
* English was dominant after the crash of the Soviet Union |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Give three categories that can be used to describe different “Englishes” in use around the world. |
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Definition
* Professional: i.e. legal, medical, religious
* Geographical: i.e. Indian English, American English, British English
* Ethnic: English Stand
* Hybrid: Combos: i.e. Spanglish |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
What late 20th and 21st century technological and social developments continue to influence the development of the English language? |
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Definition
* Computers
* Internet
* Icons |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
List at least three characteristics of the southern American dialect. |
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Definition
* Monophthongization of Dipthongs
* Dropping the “g”
* Cot/Caught merge
* Pin/Pen merge
* Double modals |
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Term
FINAL REVIEW:
Describe the pin/pen merger. |
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Definition
* ONLY in the South
* NOT in the north, northeast, or appalachia.
* Pronounces the word the same |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
List the case, number, and gender designations thought to have existed in Proto Indo-European (PIE) nouns/adjectives/pronouns. |
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Definition
Case:
* Nominative - Subject
* Dative - Indirect Object
* Accusative - Direct Object
* Instrumental - has "by"
* Genitive - possessive
* Vocative - talking to directly
* Locative - place
* Ablative - out of/away from
Number:
*Singular
* Dual (2)
*Plural
Gender:
* Masculine
* Feminine
* Neuter |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
List three qualities of the Germanic branch of languages that set it apart from other Indo-European language families. |
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Definition
* Stress on first syllable
* Past & Present tense
* Grimm’s Law- sound change (b,d,g---> p,t,k)
* Weak/Strong Verbs
- Weak - walk/walked
- Strong - sing/sang/song (internal vowel shift |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Explain why related words for “bee” and “beech” among the Indo-European languages suggest that PIE could not have originated in Asia, as previously believed. |
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Definition
| These words suggest that Proto-Indo European could not have originated in Asia because there are no bees or beech trees on that continent. |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Describe the difference between internal and external causes of language change |
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Definition
* Internal change example: Grimm’s Law- grammatical w/ the internal vowel shift
* External change: the Hundred Years’ War, Viking Invasions, the Norman Conquest. Mainly caused by contact with others borrowing of words and picking up new pronunciations. |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Give the approximate date ranges for Old English and Middle English use. |
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Definition
* Old English: 450-1150 AD
* Middle English: 1150-1500 |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
List the four cases of Old English. What sentence function does each case represent? |
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Definition
* Nominative- subject
* Accusative- direct subject identifier
* Dative- indirect subject identifier
* Genative- possesion |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Explain the difference between weak and strong Old English verbs. |
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Definition
* Strong: A vowel inside the verb is changed to mark the tenses. (swim, swam)
* Weak: preterite is formed by adding a termination (danced, to dance) |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Is Old English a synthetic or an analytic language? Explain why. |
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Definition
| Synthetic Language because its grammatical function is primarily derived from inflections rather than word order. |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
List the three languages whose impact on the English language has been the greatest. Explain approximately when and how each language came into contact with English. |
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Definition
Latin:
* Continental Contact (Pre 5th-century contact with Latin in Europe)
* Germanic invasion of England (5th century contact with Latin speaking Celts)
* Augustine's mission (798; brings the roman alphabet
Norse:
* Viking Invasions (897-11th century)
French:
* 1066 Norman Conquest |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Describe how lexical borrowings can indicate the relationship between two peoples with different native languages. Give examples of English words with French, Latin, or Norse roots to demonstrate. |
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Definition
* They spoke about everyday topics and started to borrow common words
* French borrowings- political, food words, fashion, venison, government |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
What was King Alfred’s influence on the use of the vernacular in pre-Conquest England? |
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Definition
| Educational reforms translated into vernacular |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Explain why the standardization of written language was not possible during the Old English period and most of the Middle English period. |
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Definition
* With lack of communication and very slow communication due to slow postings
* Lack of education, different styles of writing for scribes |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Explain how linguists have reconstructed the dialectical situation during both the Old and Middle English periods of England. Describe any limitations on the data used. |
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Definition
| Look at manuscripts and study the spelling- dialects are closer to the way words are spelt |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Is Middle English a synthetic or an analytic language? Explain why. |
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Definition
| Analytic- grammatical change due to syntax, word order matters |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
List three changes that mark the transition from Old English to Middle English. What events or situations brought about these changes? |
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Definition
1. loss of inflection
2. printing press
3. New inflections>”s”> pluralization, 3rd person singular |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
List three differences between Northern and Southern Middle English dialects. |
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Definition
North:
* Plural = s/es
* 3rd Person Singular -s
* She
South:
* Plural = -en
* 3rd Person singular = -e(d) <-- phonetically pronounced "eth"
-Heo |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Describe the presence of French in England after the Norman Conquest. Who spoke it? In which social contexts was it used? |
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Definition
* First class speaks French:
* social context-> court, government, church |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Describe at least three factors that motivated the English language’s development into a language of prestige after the Norman Conquest.(1417) |
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Definition
* Hundred Year Wars- French as enemies
* Nobles- raised in English
* Chaucer-authoritative user of language- writes in English
* people begin to become embarrassed about French pronunciation |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Name at least three historical events that led to the rise of the middle class during the late medieval period. |
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Definition
* Plague
* peasants revolt
* protestants/Lollard movement
* printing press |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
How did the introduction of movable type to England affect the process of standardization in the fifteenth century? |
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Definition
| More people accessing written works/externalize |
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Term
MIDTERM REVIEW:
Caxton's Story! |
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Definition
* about “eggs” and “eyren” and what it reveals about language practices & attitudes during the medieval period.
* Each came from a different English dialect.
* Someone was asking for “eggs”, but the person could not understand them until they said “eyren”
* This has more to do with the different dialects and anxiety over problems of communication |
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