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| When the audience or reader knows something the characters don’t know. (Example: The audience knows Juliet is in a coma and not dead but the characters on stage don’t.) |
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| When the opposite of what is expected actually happens (man saves money all his life so he can travel the world when he retires and the day he retires he dies./ Romeo goes to the party to see Rosaline and believes that no one could be more beautiful than she is. Then he sees Juliet and Rosaline become a crow because he thinks Juliet is more beautiful.) |
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| Occurs when the literal meaning of what someone says is different from or opposite of what they actually meant (Examples: when there’s a hurricane and someone remarks “what lovely weather were having.”/ Lord |
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| Hints or clues about something that is going to happen later in the story |
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| When words, people, locations, or abstract ides represent something beyond the literal meaning (Example: the flag is just a piece of cloth but to most Americans it stands for freedom) |
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| Giving something nonhuman, human characteristics |
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| Direct comparison that doesn’t use like or as |
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| Comparison between two things that uses like or as |
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| The author tells you directly about the character (Example: He was the most loyal of my men) |
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| Reader has to infer the traits about a character since the author doesn’t tell you directly. |
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| Character has many character traits. |
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| Character only has one or two character traits. |
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| Character goes through internal change |
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| Character doesn’t change internally. |
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| When the author/character refers to something they think you will be familiar with (Ibis-Dix Hill, leaving no crumbs behind went to Hansel and Gretel) |
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| Central message of the story |
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| Recurring pattern, image, word, phrase (Ibis-death and red/R&J light and dark) |
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| Setting (time and place), beginning characters, and beginning situation |
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| Detail that gets the story moving in the direction it’s going to take (Jack and Beanstalk-when Jack trades the cow for the magic beans) |
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| Plot details leading to the climax |
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| When the main character comes face to face with the central conflict and either resolves it successfully or not (R&J: when Romeo kills Tybalt because the Capulets at that point will never accept him) |
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| Plot Details from the climax to the resolution |
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| The conclusion of the story where loose ends are wrapped up |
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| When you go back in time to something that happened earlier (Ibis: narrator is an adult relating the story of his brother in his childhood) |
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| When you go forward in time to something later in the story (Goldfish: we see Yoni alive again when he had been dead earlier) |
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| Character or force opposite the protagonist |
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| A character who is presented as a contrast to a second character so as to point to some aspect of the second character (Ambush; Kiowa was a foil to the narrator/ R&J: Paris is a foil to Romeo) |
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| The narrator is a character in the story/Uses “I” |
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| Is structured around the “you” pronoun and is less common in novel-length works. (Example: “You thought you could do it.”) |
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| You see into one person’s head./The narrator is outside of the story. |
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| You see into everyone’s head./The narrator is outside of the story. |
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| Reflects the writer’s attitude toward the subject matter in a literary work. |
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| The overall feeling or atmosphere that the reader feels. |
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