Romanticism

-A movement in literature, music, and art that exphasized emotionality, energy, experimentation with the forms of self-expression, and personal experience over tradition, control, normative values, and received opinions and forms.

-Characterized by a focus on personal experience and emotional expression.

-Representative Romantic Poets include William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats.

-Prose writers include Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Mary Shelley.

Orientalism

-Refers to an ideologically charged mode of thinking about Asia and North Afria and the 19th-century study of Near Eastern, Middle Eastern, and Far Eastern nations and peoples.

-Marked by the belief that Asian and North African peoples share certain characteristics that contrast markedly with the inhabitants of the West.

-Orientalism was the name of the seminal book written by Edward W. Said.

Sonnet

-A fourteen-line lyric poem.

-Francesco Petracha (Francis Petrarch in English) was a famous Italian poet in the fourteenth-century, who made a fourteen-line lyric poem (sonnet).

-Rhyme scheme is generally A-B-A-B C-D-C-D E-F-E-F G-G.

-Last two lines with same rhyme scheme = couplet

-Sonnets are grouped into two categories based on rhyme scheme: Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnets and English (or Shakespearean sonnets.

-The majority of sonnets were love and desire poems in early modern Europe (European Renaissance). 

-Example: "Astrophil and Stella" by Sir Philip Sydney

Free Verse

-Relies on repetition, which is the basic of aesthetic form.

-Not constrained by conventional formal restrictions of rhyme, meter, or line and stnza length.

-Pioneered by and remains associated with the nineteenth-century American poet, Walt Whitman.

Victorian Period

-Defined by the reign of British Queen Victoria I (1819-1901); notable for the expansion of the British Empire. The political era corresponded with the height of the Industrial Revolution.

-Often considered a golden age for British cicilization. 

-Notable Victorian novelists include Charles Dickens, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, Anthony Trollope, WIlliam Makepeace Thackeray, George Eliot (Marian Evans), and the early Joseph Conrad.

-Victorian poets of note include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Christina, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, and Algernon Swinburne.

Lyric

-A short poem that generally expresses a single emotion or sentiment (love, anguish, sadness) by means of literary tropes (such as metaphor and metonymy) and fugures of speech (such as personification and prosopopeia).

-A distillation of of sentiment, thought, and language.

-The word "lyric" derives from the word for n ancient Greek intrument, the lyre, which was strummed and accompanied by song. 

Lyric

-Generally has a single speaker who reveals his or her thoughts and feelings about an intensely felt idea or experience. 

-Can take many forms, inclusing the sonnet, villanelle, and haiku; they can be written with heroic couplets, common measure, alexandrines, or any number of metric forms.

Narrative

-A form of verbal expression with a beginning, middle, and end, a plot, character development, and a narrative voice or persona.

-Either in prose or verse, with the recounting of a story.

Speaker

-The voice or persona (from the Greek word for mask) in which an author or poet chooses to deliver a narrative or poem.

-Poets employ different knds of speakers, including animals (personification, inanimate objects (prosopopeia), members of the opposite se or characters with whom the author or poet does not necessarily agree.

Pastoral

-Refers to literature or art set in the countryside that celebrates rural life and either explicity or implicity compares it with urban life.

Anthropomorphism

-Refers to the attribution of human qualities to non-human entities.

Anthropocentrism

-Idea that human beings are the center of the universe and the most important thing in it, above all other forms of life.

Anthropogenic

-An adjective describing something that has been caused or generated by human beings or human behavior.

Deep Ecology

-An environmental movement that posits the inherent value of all living things and opposes anthropocentrism.

William Wordsworth

-Born on April 7, 1770 and died on April 23, 1850 in England.

-He was an early Romantic poet and was Britain's Poet Laureate.

-He gained an interest in poetry as a child and continued writing it for the rest of his life.

-His most famous work was "The Prelude" in 1850.

-He was an author of "The World Is Too Much With Us" and "Steamboats, Viaducts, and Railways."

-He was a major influence in Romantic literature until he died on April 23.

"The World Is Too Much With Us" - William Wordsworth

 -The title defines how world affects humans and influences everything they do.

-The author's tone is disappointment in humanity for not appreciating nature. According to line two "Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers", the poet is showing how angry he is with humanity.

-"We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!" - Line four (metaphor)

-"This sea that bares her bosom to the moon" - Line five (personification)

-"The winds that will be howling at all hours"- Line six (personification)

-"And are up-gathered like sleeping flowers" - Line seven (personification, simile)

"Steamboats, Viaducts, and Railways" - William Wordsworth

-The type of poem is a sonnet (14 lines) with a rhyme scheme of A-B-B-A-A-C-C-A-D-E-F-E-D-F.

-Makes a surprising statement about the relationship between nature and industrialization that shows the effects of the Idustrial Revolution rather than a love poem. 

-The last word of the poem "sublime" is significant because it refers to a statement about art, time, and change.

"Passage to India" - Walt Whitman

-The poem starts of with the speaker singing about the modern world compared to the antique world.

-Symbolizes the advancement of modern technology along with the advance of progress through its long, continuous free verse.

-There are plenty of literary devices used throughout the free verse poem: Motif, Repetition, Imagery, Internal Rhyme, and Symbolism.

-Connects to the technological and national expansion in the late 19th-century.

"A Wind-storm in the Forests" - John Muir

-Published in 1894

-Describes Muir's experiences with wild weather in the woods of California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.

-Muir uses descriptive language to bring out the full beauty and to demonstrate the full power of the winds by appealing the sense of sight and sound.

"There Will Come Soft Rains" - Sara Teasdale

-The title of a short story is owed by Ray Bradhury.

-The poem portrays a scene of pbliteration, in which the human race has been destroyed by a nuclear war.

-The technical features of the poem include rhyme, meter, alliteration, and assonance.

-There is hint of anthropomorphism in line five, "Robins will wear their feathery fire."

-Teasdale uses poetry to cast a skeptical look at the destruction of which human beings are capable.

"The Horses" - Edwin Muir

--In this poem, the poet expresses the power of nature through his language techniques, such as the use of simile, metaphor, and negative connotation.

-The poet uses the words "seraphim" and "gold" at the first half of the poem to show strong presence and value in nature.

-The poet uses "black field" and "still-standing tree" at the end of the poem to bring in the dark tone of the faded nature and loss of its presence.

"Carmel Point" - Robinson Jeffers

-The poem is written in first-person, which the speaker uses the plural pronoun "we" instead of "I"

-Jeffers develops a tension between "this beautiful place" and a newly constructed "crop of suburban houses."

-This poem expresses a sentiment of dismay at the transformation of  beloved landscape by the forces of progress. 

-The poem ends with a statement of resolution in its resistence to the encroaching tide of human development and a rejection of the poet's own ties to humanity.

"Positive Feedback Loop" - Jorie Graham

-A positive feedback loop defines as a disturbance to a system (often natural, such as an ecosystem), causing it to grow.

-The poem expresses that Posiive Feedback loops can occur in nature and are common.

-it also talks about humans connection to nature, and how they cannot off set the balance.

"To the Field of Scotch Broom that Will Be Buried by the New Wing of the Mall" - Lucia Perillo

-The type of poem is a lyric poem that talks about a field of weeds, being destroyed for the new wing of a mall. 

-The poem suggests that nature and human are not very far and distant from each other.

-The poem has a relatable theme of nature being destroyed by human expansion or industrialization.

-Talks about the relationship between nature and human life of how they are close and connected.