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Definition
| species could not change from their position and form in life. |
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| layers of Earth that are lower are older, with the opposite describing upper layers. |
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| anything can be achieved over long period of time. |
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| The processes of achieving Rock and Earth formations have never changed. |
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Definition
| the evidence that there are differences between species and that they have changed over time, despite being partially unique, they are all still related. |
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Definition
| Using basic outlines to find common ancestors, finding monophyletic groups through common lineage traits and body outlines |
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| when multiple organisms seem related to one another, but in reality it may just be in response to the environment they both reside in. |
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Definition
| the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. |
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| The study of how species and populations are distributed geographically. |
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| evolutionary mechanism that produces adaptation |
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Definition
| Inbreeding and Assortive Mating are examples of |
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Definition
| Random change in frequency of alleles in a small population |
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Definition
| random changes in a genomic sequence |
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Definition
| Favors a specific phenotype at one or other end of a range, which can reduce variation. |
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Definition
| Selects AGAINST phenotype extremes, and can reduce variation. |
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Definition
| Eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors extremes, which can lead to speciation by maintaining genetic variation. |
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Definition
| Hides genetic variation from selection in heterozygotes |
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| Selection itself preserves variation at some point. |
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| Having multiple sets of chromosomes |
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Definition
| the power to conquer other males in battle. |
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Definition
| the power to charm the female. |
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Definition
| rapid speciation and diversification of a group into unoccupied ecological niches |
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Definition
| A change in the genetic composition of one species in response to the genetic composition of another species |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolution of a similar looking or similar functioning structures in unrelated species. |
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Definition
| Occurs when one or many species remain the same genetically with little change |
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Definition
| The development of a similar trait in different species descended from the same ancestor in response to similar selective pressures. |
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Definition
| No geographic barrier, but has a geographic range, in which an end of the range will result in a new species. Non-random mating due to range. |
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Definition
| small populations on edge, usually geographically separated, resulting in new species; introduces the importance of genetic drift, dispersal plays some role in the speciation, and the speed of speciation is rather rapid due to genetic drift. |
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Definition
| new species forms within the same geographic range |
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Definition
| distinct split between populations due to geographical barrier results in two or more species |
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Definition
| based on phenotype; organisms of similar appearance, BUT many species look similar, despite being relatively different species. |
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Definition
| based on reproductive isolation; produces fertile offspring, filled with subspecies. |
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Definition
| based on phylogeny; smallest set that can be distinguished |
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Definition
| gradual variation from place to place |
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Definition
| Variation within a population in which few or no intermediate phenotypes fall between the extremes |
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Definition
| Fertilization is prevented due to the low cost to individuals |
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Definition
| specialized to environmental conditions |
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Definition
| separated by time, such as different breeding seasons, or different daily breeding times |
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Definition
| genetically determined by habitat preference |
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Definition
| Courtship and mating behavior enhances species recognition. |
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Definition
| Physical impossibility of mating, size of a species or shape of the genitalia; flowers have specific pollinators that disable them from random mating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating occurs but fertilization is prevented; a chemical antigenic reaction occurs that disable a species from fertilizing another. |
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Definition
| Hybrid success is prevented, but with a higher cost |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular embryo development occurs, a zygote is formed, but never forms into a full-fledged adult. |
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Term
| Hybrid Inviability Isolation |
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Definition
| the hybrid is weak, malformed and dies before being able to reproduce. |
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Term
| Hybrid sterility Isolation |
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Definition
| The hybrid is vigorous but sterile, e.g. mule, zeedonk, liger |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation results in a doubling of chromosome number; results in new species, plus the inability to mate with the parent species. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals are created when parents that belong to different species mate and produce offspring with genomes of multiple species. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in evolution, but at what speed and amount of change depends on the species, time, and events in time defined by phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary splitting of a lineage into populations adapted to new niches, resulting in biodiversity. |
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Definition
| subset of homeotic genes that determine location of limbs and external segments, helps determine the growth of species. Spatial development. |
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Term
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Definition
| master switch genes (found in textbook), upper division of hox genes, class of genes that classify the location of segments within embryos. |
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Term
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Definition
| New species arises from a population that buds from the parent species. |
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Term
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Definition
| single population transforms into a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| r(coefficient of relatedness)B(Benefit) > C(Cost) |
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Term
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Definition
| Origin of life and photosynthesis; Up to 543 Ma |
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Term
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Definition
| Cambrian Explosion; 543-250 Ma; Permian-Triassic Extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| 250-65 Ma; Adaptive radiation of reptiles, beginning of birds; Cretaceous Dinosaur extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| 65 Ma- Present; Adaptive Radiation of Plants and Animals; Rise of Homosapiens |
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Term
| Haldane and Oparin Hypothesis |
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Definition
Requirements for organic molecules: Reducing atmosphere;
Energy source; Chemical building blocks: water, chemical compounds; Time |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of dissolved ions in water, especially Na, Cl, and Ca. |
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Term
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Definition
| releases water at constant amounts; 6% |
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Term
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Definition
| releases as much as it gains at a constant rate; 9% |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulates enough solutes to retain water in salty areas. 13% |
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Term
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Definition
| Cl is toxic at high concentrations, but most salts will become extremely toxic at high enough concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad in tolerance range and can survive comfortably in most ranges. |
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Definition
| Narrow in tolerance range and cannot survive in most ranges. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Sum of all an organism’s utilization of its environment |
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Definition
| species interaction with its environment under ideal conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interactions between a species and its environment that actually occur. |
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Term
| Gause’s Principle of Competitive Exclusion |
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Definition
| Two Species requiring the same resources cannot co-exist. |
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Definition
| Group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that is fatal to species susceptible to infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| populations that are loosely interconnected by immigration and emigration; prevent long-term extinction and extend the range of species. |
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Term
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Definition
| a plot of the number of survivors of a given cohort against age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive output; the number of offspring produced by the females of each cohort and averaged for all members of the cohort |
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Definition
| the length in time during the say a spot on the surface of the Earth receives light |
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Term
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Definition
| Wavelengths that are most absorbed by surface water. |
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Definition
| The largest population that can be maintained indefinitely in a particular environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms reproduce once before dying |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Communities that have intermediate levels of disturbance have greater species diversity than those with either little or severe disturbance. |
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Term
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Definition
| large evergreen trees, stratified, epiphytes; each animal species occupies a specific region/niche in the stratified forest |
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Term
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Definition
| grasslands with discontinuous tree cover; huge migratory populations of grazing mammals and large carnivores are common |
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Term
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Definition
| occur at 30-40° N or S, W-side of continents, rainshadows; xerophytes; animals active in evening, night, early morning |
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Term
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Definition
west coast, sub tropical latitudes,
five regions: California, Chile, Mediterranean, Australia, South Africa. sclerophyllous, evergreen, shrubs; small, drought-adapted animals; hot dry summers, cool wet winters |
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Term
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Definition
| perennial and annual grasses; herds of grazing mammals, e.g., bison; occur in temperate latitudes (20-50 °) in the centre of continents; semi-arid, warm summer, cold winter |
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Term
| Temperate Deciduous Forests |
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Definition
warm summers, freezing winters; occur in temperate latitudes, E-sides of continents; deciduous hardwood tress, dormant in winter,
e.g., maple; large animals hibernate or migrate |
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Term
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Definition
| sufficient precipitation, cool summers, cold winters; occur in N temperate latitudes, e.g., Canada; cone-bearing gymnosperms, some evergreen hardwoods; herbivores include moose, elk, deer, rabbits, rodents; carnivores include bears, wolves, lynx |
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Term
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Definition
lichens, mosses, grasses,
sedges, and dwarf willows; caribou, reindeer, hares, lemmings; dry, < 15 cm precipitation per annum, long very cold winters, short cool summers, permafrost, high winds |
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Term
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Definition
| near shore, abundant nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| upper water, light for phytoplankton. |
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Term
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Definition
lower water, insufficient light for photosynthesis,
detritivores. |
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