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| When people provide rational reasons for or against an idea or action. |
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| Addressing the real issue. |
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| Assuming what the other person already knows. |
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| Containing a clear language. |
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| The study of the nature of a knowledge. |
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Pure reasoning in the abstract;
focuses on Deductive reasoning. |
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| Starts with evidence that we can obserbve and compile. |
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| The conclusion must nesessarily be true. |
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| Evidence that we can observe and comile. |
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| A comonly recognized type of bad argument. |
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| Provides support for the subject |
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| An attempt to persuade without an argument. |
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| Any sort of technique that people use to get other people to do or believe something that they otherwise might not. |
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to the source;
A sub group of the Fallacies of Relevance,these arguments focus on the source of the arguments,rather than the issue itself. |
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| An Ad Fontem argument in which the speaker attacks his rival with a great deal of abusive language in an attempt to avoid the issue. |
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| Ad Hominem Circumstantial |
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| An Ad Fontem argument that says,or implies,that the speaker`s rival should not be trusted in making his argument because of various circumstances regarding his rival. |
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| An Ad Fontem argument implying that "two wrongs make a right". |
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| This Ad Fontem argument gives a statment that an idea should be discounted simply because of its source or origin. |
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| This is sub-group of the Fallacies of Relevence where the arguer attempts to sway the opinions of the audience by making them "feel" a certain way (pity,anger,fear ect.....) |
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| Ad Baculum (Appeal to fear) |
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| Without making a clear causal connection,a person committing this fallacy refrences the potential for bad consequences to occur if the person to whom they are speaking does not agree with them. |
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| The appeal to pity is an appeal to our sence of compasstion,it tries to get us to accept certain veiws rather than by giving us a good and careful reason. |
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| To make up for solid evedence and sound reason,this tool, often uesed by demagogues appeals to the emotions of the crowd. |
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| This is an emotional appeal to a sence of elitism or to those of "discriminating taste". |
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| This argument makes the mistake of saying " you can`t prove me wrong so I`m right". |
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| Irrelevent goals or functions |
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| This argument assumes a goal or function of a certain practice or policy that is either unrealistic, or irrelevent. |
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| This is an argument that makes a good case but is irrelevent to the case at hand |
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| this is an argument attemting to disprove an opponent`s belifs by expanding them |
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| Fallacies of Presupposition |
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| These are fallacies that contain hidden assumptions |
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| This is an argument that contains a hidden assumption that is central to what is being proved but is not justified by the argument |
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| An attempt to frame the argument so that only two options are possible,when there is a third possibility |
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| Assumes that the correct answer is the middle of two extremes |
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| An argument that assumes that since something has always been a certain way it should stay that way |
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| An argument that assumes that the individual part of a whole will have all the charactoristics of the whole |
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| This argumentsays that all of the whole will share all the charectoristics of the individual pieces |
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