Term
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Definition
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Term
| what molecular outcomes occur after a TBI that cause cellular loss and a change in outcome? |
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Definition
| necrosis/apoptosis; inflammation; atrophy |
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Term
| What are 4 observations that researchers are using to frame TBI research? |
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Definition
a. plasticity within the hippocampus
b. neural regeneration in the dentate gyrus
c. physiological consequences of synaptic reorganization
d. behavioral recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| Craniocerebral trauma due to blunt or penetrating trauma to the head resulting in decreased level of consciousness, amnesia, intracranial lesions, death |
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Term
| who is most at-risk for a TBI? |
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Definition
| male young adults and elderly |
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Term
| What does moderate disability mean according to the glascow outcome scale? |
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Definition
| individual needs some physical/cognitive assistance but is capable of most activities and can be employed |
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Term
| What is critical in order to improve outcome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can reduce secondary injury events that impair outcome |
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Definition
| intracranial pressure monitoring (or specific measures like that) |
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Term
| What happens to the skull with a large impact force |
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Definition
| skull deforms only slightly before fracturing due to its inherent mechanical properties |
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Term
| As the area that the force is applied to decreases, what happens to the impact of the force on the skull? |
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Definition
| the facture tolerance decreases, and its nature changes from a linear to a penetrating or comminuted depressed fracture |
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Term
| What do the majoriity of brain injuries caused by mechanical events cause? |
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Definition
| injuries restricted to focal lesions such as surface cerebral contusions, intracerebral hematomas, subdural hematomoas, and epidural hematomas |
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Term
| Why are epidural hematomas most likely to occure |
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Definition
| They are most likely to occur when underlying dural vessels are torn as a result of a skull fracture--NOT BC of increased ICP. |
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Term
| What 2 types of accelleration cause inertial forces causing brain lesions? |
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Definition
| Translational and rotational |
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Term
| What does translational acceleration produce? |
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Definition
| ICP gradient and movement of the brain relative to the inner surface of the skull--the magnitude of which depends on the level of translational acceleration |
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Term
| What does rotational acceleration produce? |
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Definition
| widespread and significant tissue strains throughout the brain. |
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Term
| With rotational acceleration, what is the amount of shear strain related to? |
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Definition
| Both the amount of RA and the presence of Intracrainal dural compartments (falx, tentorium cerebri) and direction of motion |
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Term
| What have the ICP changes and brain motions due to translational accelerations been linked to? |
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Definition
| coup and cotrecoup contusions, intracerebral hematomas, subdural hematoma, |
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Term
| What type of brain injuried does rotational accel cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can neuronal survival and/or death be affected? (aka, how does inflammation affect this?) |
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Definition
| In the acute posttraumatic period, the BBB is very leaky--so entry into the brain of circulating immunocompetent cells may influence neuronal survival/death. |
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Term
| What is infiltration and accumulation of PMNs in parenchyma associated with? |
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Definition
| the development of posttraumatic edema (and PMN depletion has been shown to improve outcome following brain injury in rats) |
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Term
| What are the LTconsequences of pathological processes in the brain? |
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Definition
| brain atrophy, cell death, and axons and dendrites are eliminated |
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Term
| What are the most common long term impairments after TBI? |
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Definition
| cognitive impairments (memory, emotion, executive performance) |
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Term
| TBI is a risk factor for what diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structural reorganization |
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Term
| Can the adult mammalian hippocamups undergo plasticity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is plasticity considered adaptive or maladaptive? |
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Definition
| Both: adaptive (learning/memory) and maladaptive (epilepsy) |
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Term
| What are the LT features of TBI related to the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| TBI deficits in learning and memory and prediliction for epilepsy are typical LT features |
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Term
| Where has neurogenesis been demonstrated to occur? |
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Definition
| In the adult mammilian hippocampus and olfactory region |
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Term
| When does neurogenesis increase? when does neurogenesis decrease? |
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Definition
| Increase: after experimental stroke or seizure and in response to an enriched environment and exercises. Stress reduces cell proliferation and is associated with memory impairment |
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Term
| In animal models, what is the neurophysiological response of the CA1 region to a TBI? |
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Definition
| CA1, recognized to play a role in learning/memory from LTP, becomes hypoexcitable, suggesting that new memories may be more difficult to establish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffuse Axonal Injury (Intertial loading) |
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Term
| Does a focal or diffuse injury cause contusion? |
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Definition
| Focal injury cause contusion |
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Term
| Does a focal or diffuse injury cause DAI? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can contact loading cause a DAI? |
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Definition
| Yes, but it also causes (and you should associate it with it causing) contusion/hemmorhage |
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