Term
| 1.What are the 4 bones that unite to form the pelvic girdle? |
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Definition
| ilium, ischium, pubis, and sacrum |
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Term
| 2.In the hip joint, what is the name of the bony socket in which the head of the femur is located? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3.What is the deep fascia of the thigh called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4.What is the deep fascia of the leg called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5.Is the greater saphenous vein located in the superficial fascia, or deep to the deep fascia? |
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Definition
| Both the greater and lesser saphenous veins are in the superficial fascia. |
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Term
| 6.Into which large vein does the blood in the greater saphenous vein drain? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7.When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery? |
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Definition
| The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery after it passes distally through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle |
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Term
| 8.What two ligaments transform the greater and lesser sciatic notches into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina? |
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Definition
| the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments |
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Term
| 9.Which muscle is a major extensor of the thigh at the hip joint – especially when standing up from a squatting position or climbing the stairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10.What nerve innervates the muscle the gluteus maximus? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11.Which two muscles are used to keep the pelvis level when a leg is raised in walking? |
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Definition
| gluteus medius and minimus |
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Term
| 12.What nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| 13.What is the name of the largest nerve found in the gluteal region? |
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Definition
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Term
| 14.The sciatic nerve emerges from beneath a small muscle in the gluteal region and then travels down across 5 other small or short gluteal muscles. Can you name these muscles? |
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Definition
| In the gluteal region, the sciatic nerve emerges from beneath the piriformis muscle and then travels superficial to the superior and inferior gemelli muscles, obturator internus and externus tendons, and quadratus femoris muscle. |
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Term
| 15.What is the major function of the piriformis, superior and inferior gamelli muscles, obturator internus and externus tendons, and quadratus femoris muscle |
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Definition
| As a group, these muscles are lateral rotators of the thigh at the hip joint. They also stabilize and steady the femoral head in the acetabulum. |
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Term
| 16.What muscle does the lateral division of sciatic nerve inervate? |
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Definition
| In about 12% of all limbs, the piriformis muscle is pierced by the lateral or peroneal (or fibular) division of the sciatic. |
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Term
| 17.What is the name of the group of large muscles found in the posterior thigh compartment? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18.What nerve innervates the hamstrings |
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Definition
| the tibial division of the sciatic |
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Term
| 19.What bony structure serves as the superior attachment site (origin) for the hamstring muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| 20.Which posterior thigh muscle does not originate from the ischial tuberosity? |
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Definition
| the short head of the biceps femoris muscle |
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Term
| 21.How do the hamstrings move the thigh? How do they move the leg? |
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Definition
| The hamstrings extend the thigh and flex the leg. They can also rotate the leg medially (semitendinosus and semimembranosus) and laterally (biceps). |
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Term
| 22.What vessel supplies the majority of blood to the posterior compartment of the thigh? |
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Definition
| the profunda femoris, a branch of the femoral artery, supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh via perforating branches |
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Term
| 23.What is the major nerve of the anterior compartment of the thigh? |
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Definition
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Term
| 24.What is the major nerve of the medial compartment of the thigh? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25.What is the major nerve of the posterior compartment of the thigh? |
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Definition
| the tibial division of the sciatic nerve |
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Term
| 26.What nerve innervates the quadriceps muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| 27.What nerve innervates the adductor muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| 28.What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle? |
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Definition
| inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus muscle |
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Term
| 29.What is the relationship of the femoral vein, nerve and artery within the femoral triangle (i.e., which is medial, etc.)? |
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Definition
| The relationship of these structures can be remembered by using the mnemonic NAVEL. From lateral to medial: Nerve – Artery – Vein – Empty space (femoral canal) – Lacunar ligament. |
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Term
| 30.What is the major function of the quadriceps? |
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Definition
| Extension of the leg at the knee joint. |
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Term
| 31.What muscle of the quadriceps can act at two different joints? What other long anterior compartment muscle can act at two different joints? |
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Definition
| The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps can act at both the knee and hip joints, as can the sartorius muscle. This is because both these muscles are attached above the hip joint and below the knee joint. |
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Term
| 32.Which artery supplies most of the blood to the neck and head of the femur? |
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Definition
| the medial femoral circumflex artery |
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Term
| 33.From what artery does the medial femoral circumflex artery arise? |
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Definition
| typically from the profunda femoris, although occasionally from the femoral artery itself |
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Term
| 34.What compartment of the thigh is the gracilis muscle located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle is often included in the group of medial thigh muscles, but is actually a lateral rotator of the thigh? It can be found deep to the inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris muscles in the gluteal region. |
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Definition
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Term
| 36.Which anterior thigh compartment muscle is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve and helps to keep the knee extended? |
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Definition
| tensor fasciae latae muscle |
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Term
| 37.What muscle’s tendon contains the largest sesamoid bone in the body? |
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Definition
| The tendon of the quadriceps encloses the patella, the body’s largest sesamoid bone. |
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Term
| 38.Which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh at the hip joint? It has a distal part that enters the anterior compartment of the thigh deep to the femoral nerve before inserting into the lesser trochanter. |
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Definition
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Term
| 39.Which superficial, medial thigh muscle is such a relatively weak adductor of the thigh that surgeons can often transplant it without causing a significant deficit? |
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Definition
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Term
| 40.What term would be used to describe an abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents through the femoral canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the general consequences of having a severely injured superior gluteal nerve. |
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Definition
| The superior gluteal nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus and the tensor fasciae latae. However, the significant loss of function when this nerve is damaged involves the two gluteal muscles. These two muscles abduct the thigh at the hip bone, but their functional importance lies in their actions during walking when they prevent the sagging or dipping of the unsupported side of the pelvis (i.e., the side on which the leg is raised off the ground). It is important to remember that when the right gluteus medius and minimus contract, the left side of the pelvis is prevented from sagging when the left leg is raised – and vice versa. Therefore, injury to a superior gluteal nerve will result in an impaired, disabling gait, often called the gluteal gait or dipping gait. If the right gluteal nerve is injured, the left side of the pelvis will dip or sag when the left leg is raised off the ground during walking. The right side dips if the left nerve is injured. |
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Term
| 42.Which are more common, hamstring strains or quadriceps strains? |
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Definition
| Hamstring strains are twice as common. |
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Term
| 43.Which artery supplies the majority of blood to the anterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44.Which artery supplies the majority of blood to the lateral compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
| The peroneal artery (a branch of the posterior tibial artery) supplies the majority of the blood via perforating branches, but some blood in the superior lateral compartment comes from the anterior tibial artery. |
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Term
| 45.Which artery supplies the majority of blood to the posterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
| 46.Which nerve supplies the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
| deep peroneal (fibular) nerve |
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Term
| 47.Which nerve supplies the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
| superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve |
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Term
| 48.Which nerve supplies the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
| 49.Explain dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle joint. |
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Definition
| Dorsiflexion is movement of the ankle that brings the dorsal surface of the foot upward; plantarflexion is movement of the ankle that pushes the sole of the foot downward. When you stand on your toes you are plantarflexing. |
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Term
| 50.Explain inversion and eversion of the foot. |
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Definition
| Inversion is turning the foot so the inside or medial border of the foot is brought upward. Eversion is turning the foot so the outside or lateral border of the foot is brought upward. |
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Term
| 51.What is the most commonly injured nerve in the lower extremity? Where is the typical site of injury? |
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Definition
| 51.The common peroneal nerve is the most commonly injured, typically at the place where it runs superficially over the lateral neck of the fibula. |
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Term
| 52.What condition results when the nerve from question #51 is severely injured? |
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Definition
| 52.foot drop – there is also a loss of eversion |
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Term
| 53.Which 3 muscles unite to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)? |
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Definition
| gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris |
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Term
| 54.Which of the 3 muscles gastrocnemius, soleus or plantaris can commonly be absent? |
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Definition
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Term
| 55.Where are the muscles referred to as “Tom, Dick, And Harry” located? What bony landmark are these muscles associated with? What is the rationale for this mnemonic? |
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Definition
| 55.“Tom, Dick and Harry” represent the three deep muscles in the posterior calf: Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis longus. The tendons of these 3 muscles travel posterior to the medial malleolus in a characteristic order suggested by the mnemonic, the tibialis posterior tendon located closest to the malleolus. |
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Term
| 56.Name two muscles that can evert the foot at the ankle joint |
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Definition
| 56.Peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus brevis |
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Term
| 57.Name two muscles that can invert the foot at the ankle joint. |
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Definition
| 57.Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior |
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Term
| 58.Name two superficial posterior leg compartment muscles that can powerfully plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint. |
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Definition
| 58.Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles |
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Term
| 59.Name two muscles that can dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint. |
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Definition
| 59.Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius (if present) can all dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint. |
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Term
| 60.Which small leg muscle can weakly flex the knee joint, but its main function is to “unlock” the knee joint as flexion is initiated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 61.What is the strongest ligament in the body? At which joint will it be found? What is its major function? |
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Definition
| 61.The iliofemoral ligament of the hip joint is considered to be the strongest. It helps prevent overextension at this joint, especially during standing. |
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Term
| 62.Which knee ligament is directly attached to the medial meniscus? |
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Definition
| 62.The medial collateral ligament |
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Term
| 63.The cruciate ligaments of the knee are named for their attachment to the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 64.In the knee joint, what is the function of the ACL? |
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Definition
| 64.The ACL prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia – or, anterior displacement of the tibia under the femur. |
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Term
| 65.Which tarsal bones are involved in the ankle joint? |
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Definition
| Only the talus is involved in the formation of the ankle, or talocrural, joint. |
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Term
| 66.What is the name of the strong ankle ligament attached to the medial malleolus? |
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Definition
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Term
| 67.Which ankle ligament is most commonly injured? Is it a lateral ankle ligament or a medial ankle ligament? |
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Definition
| 67.The anterior talofibular ligament, on the lateral side of the ankle, is the most commonly injured ligament. |
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Term
| 68.Which primary motions occur at the ankle joint? |
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Definition
| 68.dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (i.e., extension and flexion of the foot) |
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Term
| 69.Which primary motions occur at the transverse tarsal and subtalar joints? |
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Definition
| 69.inversion and eversion of the foot |
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Term
| Which strong ligament deep in the medial sole of the foot is located inferior to the head of the talus and helps maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot? |
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Definition
| 70.the spring, or plantar calcaneonavicular, ligament |
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