Epicureanism

• All things made of atoms, including soul
• "pleasure" is the greatest good, but the way to attain such pleasure is to live modestly and to gain knowledge of the workings of the world and the limits of one's desires.

Stoicism

• Named for painted Stoa in Athens where founder Zeno taught around 300 b.c
• All things established, planned, and set in motion by divine logos= active principle, reason, god
• universe made of one substance: the logos
• "we are of god and god ourselves"
• the greatest good is to live in harmony with logos
• accept what life brings, apart of god's plan
• suicide permitted if one is prevented from living according to reason 
• like alzheimers or old age
• adapted for romans to emphasize reason and excellence of character
• recognized the importance of politics in their world established by reason
• didn't have to just be in high class

Neoplatonism

• founded by Plotinus in 3rd century A.D
• influenced by mystery cult
• everything eminates from The ONE (perfect unity)
• if you can define it, it isn't The One
• source of all existence and value
• world-minded: dualism, still force, not model. known and knower seperate
• world-soul: transition from the world beyond the senses to the sensible world; the world soul has no contact with the material world
• nature: a lower division of the world soul that is in contact with the physical world; it is the soul of the physical world that inspires and animates it
• material: lowest stage, concrete barrier to emanations from The One
• human souls incluse mind, soul, and material: goal is inward unity of these aspects and unity with the One
• permanent union after death

omophagy, taurobolium, and tauroctony

Omophagy: eating of raw flesh. occured in mystery cults in rememberence of an important event in central myth

Taurobolium: sacrificing of a bull and showered by blood. moral purification.

Tauroctony: Whether as a painting or as carved monument, a depiction of the taurobolium scene belonged to the standard furniture of every home

Outside of new life and promised blessings, what were common features of mystery cults?  

What common feature did the goddess cults share?  

- a strong goddess and a more vulnerable figure, usually a lover/husband

ex: Cybele (magna mater) and Attis, also Isis and Osiris (bro and sister/ husband and wife)

- through the cult's central myth worshippers recall the death of the resurrection figure, mourn him, then share in his resurrection

Know the basics of the cult of Mithras.  

• Indo-Iranian warrior god
• membership restricted
• god of light
• no synoptic myth, just scenes- born in winter with shepards looking after him, hunts and kills a divine bull in a cave, has dinner with the sun on the bull's hide. 
• no meaning

With which resurrection god was Jesus most closely associated?   

• By the state and for the state- you are secondary
• State cult ritualistic and contractual. Doesn't address individual's questions about life or personal emotional needs
• Run by the upper class
• No guidance for life, no organized set of beliefs, no book
• No personal relationship with a god!

1. Philosophy- primarily for educated people. As old systems of belief and conduct were no longer relevant, philosophical schools provided codes of ethical conduct, as well as teachings about metaphysical concerns
2. Mystery Cults- secret ceremony to enter. 
• Taught how to achieve better life now/in afterlife
• Accepts all kinds of people. 
• Can belong to more than 1 cult. 
• A god who's overcome death
• Initiation into mystery required
• Reenactment of cults central myth
• Sacred food or drink to remember
• Sense of belonging

What were daimones, and how did they fit into Christian interpretation of pagan religion?  

daimones= demons. these were other "gods"

Why did Christianity attract legal action by the state?

they refused to compromise beliefs. threatens the pax deorum (peace of the gods).

because they refused to worship state gods they were considered atheists.

Christians despise Rome and looked forward to the world ending in fire

What were the rumors about Christian services? 

they had "love feasts" which included cannibalism and incest.

What were they rumored to worship?  

worshipped someone with the head of an ass.

also condemned criminals.

What did Pliny find out about their ceremonies? 

What was Trajan's policy towards the Christians?  

According to Pliny, how could a person prove they were not a Christian?   

Define kalends, nones, ides, and nundinae

days counted backward from lunar phases

K - first day of the month  (new moon)(longest period)

N - first quarter moon

I - full moon (ides of March was the 15th, but not always on 15th)

Nu - market days. held every 8 days

Define dies fasti, dies nefasti, dies comitiales, dies nefasti publici, dies religiosi, and intercalary month

dies fasti- days to conduct business. special days.

dies nefasti- exact opposite. official business not allowed on these days.

dies comitiales- days could meet for election

dies nefasti publici- a public holdiay. no one worked, just celebrated. no set number of holidays.

dies religiosi- a day used to only to perform necessities. nothing new started, no battles, no assemblies.

intercalary month- a month added to the year of a leap year 

Define tunic and toga

Tunic- 

much more casual.

stripes on tunic to signify class.

wool.

Togas-

only Roman's wore togas.

long garments, folded over and draped. 

high status or fancy occasion. 

ammonia from urine cleaned them.

mixed with water and stomped on it.

placed over dome on top of sulphur to bleach it.

if a woman wore these they were whores! 

Define stola and palla (pallium if a man wore it),

stola- linen garment commenly worn by women

palla (pallium)- worn over the stola, fastened with broaches

Define subligaculum and strophium

sub- undergarments worn by men and women

stro- booby band

In which month did the Roman year originally start? 

Who switched Rome over to a solar calendar?  

Know the Roman system of giving dates and years.  

How was the day measured?  

12 hours of day and night

kept track by the water clock

What did Romans use to tell the time?  

What two fabrics were most commonly used in Roman clothing?  

• wool was most common
• silk was luxury

Of which fabric were togas made?  

What cleaning agent was used to clean Roman clothes?

What did Roman children wear?  

• tunics and togas
• emblems with blood to protect them
• once girls married, donated togas to household gods
• boys donated at 14-16

What was a bulla and what was in one?  

What were the fashions of men’s facial hair?  

• started by Scipio Africanus 
• full beard popular in 2nd century
• phased out by 4th century
• no one shaved their own beards

What was the common fashion of women's hair?   

• modest
• parted in middle and gathered to bun in back
• wigs and hair dye available
• cosmetics included lead! ah!

Define atrium, compluvium, cubiculum, impluvium, peristyle, tabristyle, and triclinium. 

• atrium: main room of house
• compluvium: square built into roof of atrium for rainwater
• cubiculum: small bedroom
• impluvium: basin in atrium to receive rainwater
• peristyle: columned porch
• tablinum: hall seperating the peristyle from atrium
• triclinium: 3 couches found in the dining room

What was the orientation of a domus?  

• private house
• faced inward, not outward

Where was a house’s latrine usually located? 

Be prepared to identify [from descriptions] the first three styles of Pompeian wall painting.

1. incrustation style: common form of house décor and was simple. imitations of colored marble blocks.
2. architectonic style: features were painted as realistically as possible rather than modeled in plaster or stucco. strong illusion of spatial extension of the wall to look 3 dimensional.
3. ornamental style:  “picture gallery” style. Typically a large central picture would be flanked by smaller pictures on each side. It treated the wall as the flat surface that it is, rather than as a window upon a distant space. 

What is a mosaic?  

How were formal dinners arranged?  

• all lounged on the couches in triclinium
• three courses

Which utensils were used or not used?  

used hands for everything possible

spoons and knives ok

What sort of meat was not common?  

Define comissatio, garum, gustatio, memento mori, merum, mulsum, popina

• comissatio: after dinner drinking and talking
• garum: fish sauce
• gustatio: first course
• memento mori: reminder you will die #yolo
• merum: wine 
• mulsum: wine mixed with honey
• popina: where low class people could mingle and drink wine

What can be said in general about the seasoning of Roman cuisine?  

What was the least common way for a dinner to be cooked?

What dinner entertainment do the selections from Pliny the Younger and Martial both mention with distain?  

What was the attitude towards beer?   

What was done to counter the effects of wine at a comissatio? 

• used water to dilute it
• had salty snacks
• put on perfume (or drank it) to reduce effects

What was the main item in the diet of a poor Roman? 

How did the orientation of a domus differ from that of an insula?  

insulas were apartments. 

insulas to domus were 26:1

insulas faces outwards, domas faced in

What is meant when we read that class stratification in insulae was revealed vertically?

What was opus craticum?  

What is the general attitude towards insulae in Roman literature?  

Why could noise interrupt the sleep of apartment dwellers at night? 

• because there were large gaps in the already thin walls and ceilings.
• also no windows.
• over 1 million people jammed into roughly 7 square miles.

How does Aldrete [and many others!] describe the layout of Rome’s streets? 

• very dark and narrow, even during the day. 
• no street lights.
• no street names or building numbers.
• no street patterns.

With what were Rome’s streets paved?  

How did one give an address in ancient Rome?   

Who policed the city, and how did their mission differ from that of modern police departments?  

• urban cohorts and vigiles
• not there to protect, just to keep order if too extreme

Which magistrate other than the praetors heard criminal cases? 

What common means of criminal punishment today was absent in ancient Rome?  

How was garbage commonly disposed of?  

• 110,000 lbs of human poop a day!
• public facility connected to sewer
• chamber pots used by owners of house
• thrown out the windows or in a vat under the stairs

What type of natural disaster frequently disrupted and damaged Rome? 

• floods
• poor lived in floodplains
• no flood walls
• occured every 20 years

According to scientific knowledge of the time upon what did one's health depend?

To what extent were private homes and apartments connected to the public water system?  

• there were some filter tanks
• not very attached
• contamination forund in home basins
• shit's gross.

What was unusual from a modern point of view about the way the Roman water system operated?  

What protected Romans from the lead pipes used in the water system?  

• water was constantly flowing so lead couldn't attach to it
  
• their water was also hard so lead couldn't break through minerals

With what did Romans wipe their bottoms?  

sanitary stick 

• reusable, just put it back in salt water and other people could use it

Why were urine and solid human waste potentially lucrative?

Why might it have been a good idea NOT to be connected to the public sewers?

• smells horrible
• slow drainage, pile up
• many human and animal corpses found

What was the upper class attitude towards those who worked for a living?  

it's not gentlemanly or becoming.

What did the upper class think was the best way to earn money?  

What was the commonest occupation in the ancient world? 

laborers

80-90% of people were farmers

How were wages calculated?  

What was the value of a sesterce in relation to a denarius? 

• denarius: silver coin, worth 1 days work
• sesterce: worth the same as 4 denarius, brass coin

inflation kills rome

What was the goal of Roman education?  

What were the three levels of Roman education and what was taught at each level?  

• pedagogue: combination of tutor and guardian (not a level!)
• ludus litterarius: elementary school
• writing, reading, arithmatic
• gramaticas: secondary school
• language and literature both latin and greek
• deeper understanding of words and meanings
• rhetoric: highest level, but not as revelant because people didn't take it seriously. more for show. learn to think like a lawyer.
• suasoria- persuasive speech
• controversia- ficticious legal cases

What was legally required to qualify as a teacher in ancient Rome? 

nothing. just had to say you were one.

• literator (elementary teacher): not respected and pay was horrible
• gramaticas (secondary level): better respected and paid
• rhetor (highest level): respected

What sort of education did the poor receive?  

What sort of education did girls receive? 

girls went to elementary school

at 12, got married. 

well-off girls could receive private tutoring.

What was the attitude towards corporal punishment? 

Be ready to identify the following: paedagogue, litterator, grammaticus, rhetor, suasoria, controversia?

• p: combination of tutor and guardian
• l: elementary teacher
• g: secondary teacher
• r: highest level teacher
• s: persuasive speech
• c: ficticious legal cases

What technological developments allowed the Romans to enclose large, open spaces?  

How did one clean oneself at the baths?  

1. go to apodyterium (locker room) and change
2. work up sweat by exercise or sit in hot room (sudatorium)
3. wash off in the hypocaust
4. could also go to caldarium (hot room), tepidarium (warm room), or frigidarium (cold room)

clean yourself with strigils and oils

Be ready to identify the following: apodyterium, caldarium, frigidarium, hypocaust, sudatorium, tepidarium, thermae. 

all previously defined.

thermae: large bath

What was the Roman attitude towards contraception?   

What was the legal status of prostitution?   

What was the basis of the medical world’s opinion towards celibacy?

To what does the phrase “bread and circuses” refer?  

Be ready for questions on mime and pantomime.  

mime: risque variety show, short skits on daily life. other acts such as jugglers, singing, dancing. no masks, regular clothes, based on daily life. 

pantomime: interpretive dance that grew out of tragedy. faeatured a male star dancer

What were circus factions and how were they distinguished from one another?  

horse racers. distinguished by colors that the factioneer wore.

How many laps were there in a regular chariot race?  

How many horses usually made up a chariot's team? 

What was the symbol of victory in a race?  

With what were munera originally associated? 

Who is credited with distancing munera from this origin and with transforming them into a form of entertainment?  

What type of pairing was preferred in a gladiatorial fight?  

a fair, even duel. 

ex:

secutor/retiarius

murmillo/thracian

Be able to distinguish between the following types of gladiators:  murmillo, Thracian, secutor, retiarius?

• marmillo: full shield, short sword, helmet with fin, reduced visability
• secuter: full shield, arm wrap, big helmet, can't hardly see/breathe
• retiarius: shoulder shield, long sword, net, arm pad, no helmet
• thracian: medium shield, long spear, leg pads

Roughly what percentage of professional gladiators were killed in the arena?

What do the following terms mean or refer to: missio, rudis, pollice verso and pollicem premere, venatores, naumachia?  

• missio: mercy (when you lost)
• rudis: wooden sword
• pollice verso: turned thumb (kill) 
• pollicem premere: to press the thumb (spare)
• venatores: hunter, morning entertainment
• naumachia: a mock sea-battle, or the artificial lake and viewing area where mock sea-battles were performed

What entertainments were offered at the arena in the morning and at noon?  

• thousands of animals killed 
• tricks and performers
• always a band
• executions
• warm up fights
• weapon inspections

How did one signal for mercy?