Term
|
Definition
| Specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of intestines: help to absorb digested fats from intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Why are lymph vessels permeable? |
|
Definition
| They have a porous endothelium with minivalves, collagen anchors the endothelial cells so that they open. |
|
|
Term
| What is a lymphatic collecting vessel? |
|
Definition
| Similar to a vein, but thinner walled and having more valves. |
|
|
Term
| What is a lymphatic trunk? |
|
Definition
| Formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels, drain large areas of the body. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major trunks of the body? |
|
Definition
| lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, intestinal (only one of these) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the trunk eventually deliver lymph? |
|
Definition
| To the two large ducts in the thoracic region. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major lymphatic ducts? |
|
Definition
| The right lymphatic duct, and the thoracic duct. |
|
|
Term
| What is the right lymphatic duct? |
|
Definition
| Drains lymph from right upper arm and right side of the head and thorax. |
|
|
Term
| What is the thoracic duct? |
|
Definition
| Drains lymph from the rest of the body, leads to cisterna chyli. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cisterna chyli? |
|
Definition
| An enlarged sac leading from the thoracic duct, anterior to first two lumbar vertebrae, collects lymph from lumbar trunks. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the terminal ducts empty to? |
|
Definition
| Empty lymph into the venous circulation at junction of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein on its own side of the body. |
|
|
Term
| How many liters of lymph enter bloodstream each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do lymphoid cells do? |
|
Definition
| Protect body from invading bacteria and viruses, fought off by inflammation, phagocytes, and lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Where do leukocytes arise from? |
|
Definition
| Arise from red bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of lymphocyte, activated by foreign antigens in body, manage immune reponse, can directly attack and destroy foreign cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of lymphocyte, secrete plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete antibodies into blood and fluids that immobilize antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From monocytes, phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are reticular cells? |
|
Definition
| Produce the reticular fiber network (STROMA) that supports all cells in lymphoid organs. |
|
|
Term
| What does lymphoid tissue do? |
|
Definition
| Houses and provides proliferation site for lymphocytes, ideal surveillance point for lymphocytes and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| Which lymphoid organ does not contain reticular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| The thymus does not contain it. |
|
|
Term
| What is a lymphatic follicle? |
|
Definition
| Solid spherical bodies that lack a capsule, have tightly packed reticular elements and cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is a germinal center? |
|
Definition
| Contains dendritic cells and B cells producing plasma cells - found in lymph nodes, intestinal wall, appendix. |
|
|
Term
| What are Peyer's patches? |
|
Definition
| Large isolated clusters of lymph nodules in the wall of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Peyer's patches? |
|
Definition
| Destroy bacteria, generate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 100's of nodes are clustered along lymphatic vessels, esp. near axillary, inguinal, and cervical regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filter lymph as transported to the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bean shaped less than 1 inch in length, have an outer capsule of CT, has cortex and medulla. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cortex of a lymph node? |
|
Definition
| The outer region of the node, densely packed follicles w/ germinal center filled with dividing B cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the medulla of the lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| The innermost region of the node, contains B and T lymphocytes and plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
| Describe circulation in lymph nodes. |
|
Definition
| Lymph enters convex side of node, subcapsular sinus, smaller sinuses in cortex, medulla, exits viw hilus. |
|
|
Term
| What are swollen lymph nodes referred to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the spleen located? |
|
Definition
| On the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
| How is blood supplied to the spleen? |
|
Definition
| Via the splenic artery and vein. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the spleen? |
|
Definition
| Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response, filters blood. |
|
|
Term
| What are the spleen's functions in blood? |
|
Definition
| Removes old RBC's, debris, bacteria, toxins, stores iron, blood platelets. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spleen in a fetus? |
|
Definition
| Site of erythrocyte production in fetus. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the white pulp of the spleen. |
|
Definition
| Contains lymphocytes on reticular fibers surrounding central artery, involved in the immune functions of the spleen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the thymus and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| A bi-lobed organ found in the lower neck region, extends into mediastinum of superior thorax, contains thymocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce thymosin and thymopoeitin, which help T lymphocytes to mature. |
|
|
Term
| Does the thymus directly fight antigens? |
|
Definition
| No, the blood-thymus barrier keeps antigens out while lymphocytes mature. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the thymus. |
|
Definition
| Divided into lobules, outer cortex is darker and contains dividing T lymphocytes, inner medulla is lighter. |
|
|
Term
| What accumulates in the adult thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the throat, gather and remove many pathogens from air and food. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of tonsils? |
|
Definition
| Palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal. |
|
|
Term
| Where are palatine tonsils? |
|
Definition
| On the posterior sides of the oral cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Where are lingual tonsils? |
|
Definition
| At the base of the tongue. |
|
|
Term
| Where are pharyngeal tonsils? |
|
Definition
| Adenoids, in posterior wall of naspharynx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surround the opening of auditory tubes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical structure of tonsils? |
|
Definition
| Nodules with germinal centers, have deep invaginations that trap bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two defense systems of the body? |
|
Definition
| The innate (nonspecific) system, and the adaptive (specific) defense system. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first line of defense in the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
| Intact skin and mucosa prevent the entry of microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second line of defense in the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells. |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is contained in saliva and lacrimal fluid? |
|
Definition
| Lysozyme, which digest bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What are the chief phagocytic cells? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, wandering in search of debris. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of macrophages in specific places having specific names? |
|
Definition
| Kupffer cells (liver), microglia (brain), Langerhans cells (skin). |
|
|
Term
| What are the three phagocytes? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basophils wandering through tissue, binding and digesting a wide range of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weakly phagocytic against parasitic worms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Prevents spread of damagin agents to nearby tissues, diposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets stage for repair process. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Redness, heat, swelling, and pain. |
|
|
Term
| Why does hotness occur in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Heat promotes phagocytosis of infectious material and cellular debris. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the redness of swelling? |
|
Definition
| Chemical mediators cause vasodilation, increase of blood pressure, and increased leukocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasodilation and increased interstitial fluid. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is stimulated in a fever response? |
|
Definition
| The hypothalamus which is reset in response to pyrogens released by leukocytes and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| What chemicals are released by leukocytes and macrophages to stimulate fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the liver during a fever? |
|
Definition
| It uses excess Zn and Fe, making them less available for bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What do natural killer cells do? |
|
Definition
| Lyse tumor and virus infected cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits inflammatory response, defense against parasitic worms. |
|
|
Term
| What is typically the first WBC to enter infected tissue? |
|
Definition
| The most abundant, that is, neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of mast cells? |
|
Definition
| Found in CT, promote inflammation via release of histamine - they're basophils! |
|
|
Term
| What are the two overlapping arms of the adaptive immune system? |
|
Definition
| The humoral and cellular branches. |
|
|
Term
| What is the humoral arms of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Antibody mediated immunity. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cellular arm of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Cell mediated immunity - non antibody mediated. |
|
|
Term
| What are some types of antigens that are found? |
|
Definition
| Foreign proteins, nucleic acids, certain lipds, and large sugars. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of MHC? |
|
Definition
| Major histocompatibility complex marks a cell as "self". |
|
|
Term
| What are class I MHC proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Class II MHC proteins? |
|
Definition
| Found only on immune cells? |
|
|
Term
| Where do T lymphocytes mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigen presenting cells - engulf foreign particles and present fragments of antigens to be recognized by T cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major APC's? |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, macrophages, and activated B cells. |
|
|
Term
| After meeting an antigen, where do APC's go? |
|
Definition
| Migrate to lymph nodes and secondary lymph organs to present antigens to T and B cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recognize and respond to processed fragments of antigens displayed on surface cells. |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are useless against what? |
|
Definition
| Intracellular antigens, here cell mediated immunity is needed. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major populations of T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily helper T cells (Th) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T cells that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens. |
|
|
Term
| How do Tc cells kill other cells? |
|
Definition
| Injecting perforin granules into a cells, which eventually target nucleus and cause apoptosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediators involved in cellular immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of perforin and lymphotoxin? |
|
Definition
| Perforin lyses cells while lymphotoxin leads to necrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tag antigen, making antigen-antibody complex, inactivate it and tag it for destruction. |
|
|
