Term
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Definition
- few whites socialized with other POC even when our goals are the same-yet white supremacy is basic in american social & economic hx-this racist heritage has been internalized by american whites of all classes-we have absorbed white racism; pretence & mystification only compound the problem Sara Winter
- a. a realization of the pervasiveness of oppression & injustice toward marginalized groups
- b. burgeoning recognition of their own role & complicity in the oppression of others
- c. pretending that they are free of biases & prejudices
- d. avoiding minorities so they are not reminded about the racism, sexism, heterosexism that lies inside/outside of them
- e. feeling impotent about changing social injustices in our society
- f. a realization that white, male, heterosexual supremacy is basic & integral part of US society
- g. an awareness that no 1 is free from inheriting the racial, gender, so biases of this society
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Term
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Definition
- her quotes speaks of aversive racists-well-intented, egalitarian who are marginally aware of their biases, roles in oppressing others
- the internal struggle is manifested cognitively-(awareness vs, denial, mystification, pretense) & behaviorally-(isolation, avoidance of minorities.
- on cognitive, behavioral, emotional levels, when a microaggressive perpetrators become increasingly aware of their biases, they often experience debilitating emotional turmoil (guilt, fear, defensiveness)
- cognitive distortion & constriction (false sense of reality), behavioral avoidance or inauthentic actions that impair relationships with minorities
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Term
| OPPRESSION, OPPRESSORS, & MICROAGGRESSIVE PERPETRATORS |
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Definition
- when biases, prejudices become institutionalized, systemized into norms, values, beliefs, of a society, they are passed on to generations of citizens via socialization, cultural conditioning
- these normative standards, beliefs are enforced by society thru education, mass media, significant others, institutions
- the effects of oppression may move thru a progression of denigration, dehumanization, demonization tha adversely affect minorities in our society
- in order to ensure the oppresor-oppressed relationship & keep such injustices hidden, its desirable to perpetuate a culture of silence among oppressed groups
- when the oppressed are not allowed to express their thoughts, outrage, when their concerns are minimized, when they are punished for expressing ideas at odds with dominant group - their voices are effectively silenced
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Term
| OPPRESSION, OPPRESSORS, & MICROAGGRESSIVE PERPETRATORS |
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Definition
- this allows perpetrators to hold on to a belief that they are good, moral, descent human beings-the pretense about racism have been minimized-that leaves them guilt-free & inequities unchallenged
- in a dominant culture that values ways of being thinking, acting that reflects the reality of a primarily eurocentric, masculine, heterosexual worldview that is imposed upon racial,ethnic, gender, sexual minorities
- many of the sociopolitical, sociocultural dynamics describing the transformation of whiteness to that of white supremacy & white racism may share similarities with the developmt of group-specific biases & prejudices experienced by other minorities
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Term
| THE INVISIBLE WHITENESS OF BEING: THE NATURE OF THE BEAST |
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Definition
- with microinsults/invalidations-perpetrators are minimally aware that they have engaged in a demeaning, denigrating manner toward POC
- b/c whites are socialized into eurocentric standards, they become invisible to them & represent a default standard by which all other group norms, behaviors are consciously, unconsciously compared, contrasted & made visible
- the term visible racial/ethnic minorities was coined by Helms to refer to sociodemographic groups POC who possessed phenotypical characteristics (skin pigmentation, head form, hair texture, facial features) that distinguished them from the idealized physical features of the dominant group
- POC characteristics are unacceptable by whites-thus a color line that separate visible racial/ethnic minority features from dominant culture became institutionalized with resulting psychological, sociological, economical, political, legal implications
- whiteness became associated with everything desirable, whilst others undesirable
- the damaging effects of racial MAs are cloaked within an invisible white veil-perpetrators are allowed to enjoy the benefits that accrue to them by virtue of their skin color-not realizing whiteness, white privilege, white supremacy are interlocking forces that disguise covert forms of racism
- covert racism hides in the background of whiteness: #1 it is an unacknowledged secret protected thru silnce, #2 it advantages many whites who enjoy unearned privileges due to skin color, #3 it allows many whites to deny responsibility for how it disadvantages, harms other minorities
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Term
| 4 STEP MODEL OF WHITENESS-TO-RACISM CONVERSION |
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Definition
- the symbolic manifestation of whiteness is everyday occurence & its normative featurs are insidiously manifested in our institutions, culture
- it becomes invisible, transparent, an inseparable part of the background when whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, average or ideal
- the result is both white supremacy & overt/covert racism become culturally conditioned into the lives of whites-without thei informed consent & institutionalized in the very organizations that control their lives
- whites are still unaware of how the process of social conditioning has affected their worldview-liberation psychology speaks to making the invisible visible as the first step to combating oppression & its consequences
- model: whiteness - white supremacy - power/tools imposition - white racism
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Term
| TRANSFORMATION 1 - ASSOCIATION OF WHITENESS WITH WHITE SUPREMACY |
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Definition
- whiteness become linked to white supremacy that the foundations are set for evelopmt of racism
- white supremacy notions rest on an interlocking set of beliefs, principles that justify discrimination, segregation, domination of POC-
- #1-fair skin colr is elevated to superior status while darker colors symbolize inferiority
- #2-strong ingroup preferences fdevelop that reject or view other customs as unacceptable, deviant, or primitiv
- #3-a sense of entitlemt or divine destiny associated with white superiority develops
- doctrine of white supremacy can be overt or covert-extreme overt/conscious manifestation of white racial superiority & minority inferiority are most associated with skinheads, kkk supremacists
- while most americans in our society inherit & possess unconscious white supremacists notions that are revealed in aversive racism
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Term
| TRANSFORMATION 2-POWER TO IMPOSE A BIASED RACIAL REALITY |
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Definition
- history actions were justified by a racialized worldview that was primarily western european in origin, filled with racial beliefs, attitues, myths:
- 1-blacks were intellectually inferior, not truly human, freedom was an unatural state for them
- 2-Japanese americans despite 2/3s being citizens by birth were still more loyal to Japan
- 3-manifest destiny - decreed it is divine mandate for whites to expand across the continent & take land away from Native americans
- in all cases-beliefs that 1's own group held the corner on truththat imposed a view of white superiority resulted in oppression toward groups of color
- white supremacist notions continue to be transmitted to its citizen via racial curriculum that glorifies the hx of certain groups while denigrating others & portraying them as inferior, etc
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Term
| TRANSFORMATION 3-USING THE TOOLS: SOCIALIZATION MECHANISMS TO ENFORCE SOCIAL CONDITIONING |
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Definition
- the actual imposition of power to create a false racial reality & to enforce mistruths occurs thru social & cultural conditioning where schooling, education, mass media, significant others, institutions collude in perpetuating a racial curriculum that is equated with truth & reality
- first-our schools, curriculum is monocultural & comes from western european perspective that omits, distorts, demonizes hx of nonwhite groups in america
- many multicultural scholars argue that changing the racial reality of people necessitates incorporating the accurate hxs, cultures of POC into materials used for education, teaching, learning styles, the attituds/behaviors of teachers/administrators & school campus culture
- second-mass mediaoften dispense poweful images of race, racial beliefs to general publithe continual repetition of themes, messages about race that involve criminality, poverty, intellectual deficiencies, foreighness, etcprovides an info base by which we learn about other groups in society
- -media study concluded that media portayals of POC showed them as less worthy of respect, less capable, dangerous, to be feared
- third-peers, social/organizational groups exert an equally powerful means of dispensing a racial cirriculum to the genral populace
- messages received from schools, employmt, churches, family perpetuate racism
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Term
| TRANSFORMATION 4-RACISM THRU WHITENESS |
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Definition
- cultural racism comprises of the cumulative effects of a racialized worldview based on beliefs in essential racial differences that favor the dominantgroup over others-these effects are suffused thruout the culture via institutional structures, ideological beliefs, personal everyday actions of people in the culture & these effects are passed on from generation to generation
- the association of whiteness with white supremacy thru social conditioning & imposition of racial realities that advantage 1 group & disadvantage another become transformed into white racism
- 3 outcomes associated with white racism:
- 1-justification of unequal, unfair tx to POC based solely on skin color or visible physical features
- 2-unearned advantages/benefits that accrue to whites by their skin color
- 3-inherent disadvantages to POC
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Term
| THE RELATIONSHIP OF IMPLICIT BIAS TO MAs |
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Definition
- it is clear from our analysis whites are unwitting victims in a social conditioning process that imbues within them biased racial attitudes-many biases are unconscious, deeply embedded in the psyche & made invisible
- traditionameasuremt od biases, stereotypes, prejudices comes from self-reports in which participants are directly asked about their attitudes toward specific social groups
- these methods are prone to influence of social desirability & political correctness-they do not adequately tap the underlying implicit attitudes that are unconscious
- study showed at 6yo implicit/explicit bias attitudes were relatively similar, at 10yo a dissociation began to occur between implicit & explicit race bias-explicit decreased but implicit remained unchanged, at adulthood explicit dropped even further but implicit remained unchanged
- in addition implicit racial biases appear to be highly resistant to change
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Term
| CONFRONTING IMPLICIT BIASES AND MAs |
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Definition
- Herein lays the clues as to why many whites:
- 1. pretend not to see race/color
- 2. resist the notion that they may hold racist, sexist, heterosexist attitudes
- 3. find it disconcerting to be labeled one
- scholarly literature suggests 4 psychological fears or obstacles to honest self-examination - defenseive barriers: fear of appearing racist, realizing one's own racism, acknowledging white privilege, accepting the consequences of action or inaction
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