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Marine Pollution
StonyBrook-CEY 512.01 / MAR 336.01 / MAR 512.01
113
Other
Not Applicable
10/14/2012

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Cards

Term
Marine pollution refers to the what?
Definition
direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or energy into the marine environment

-(including estuaries), resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrances to marine activities including fishing, impairment of the quality of sea water and reduction of amenities.
Term
Many pollutants/contaminants are naturally present name some?
Definition
metals
hydrocarbons in oil
halogenated chemicals
Term
What dose makes a pollutant?
Definition
particulate matter
Term
Examples of marine contamination
Definition
-Petroleum – Spills and chronic inputs
-Nutrients & organic matter– eutrophication & hypoxia and changes in species composition (food webs); harmful algal blooms(HABs)
-Trace metals and metalloids – esp. Hg
-PCBs, and other halogenated (F, Cl, Br) chemicals (local hotspots and global contamination
-Other modern use pesticides
-Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
-Pharmaceuticals
-Radioactive waste disposal
-Chlorine&Disinfection by-products
Term
Examples of marine pollution
Definition
-Plastics, trash, and floatable materials
-Siltation – run-off, erosion, prop-wash, dredging
-Organic enrichment of sediments – affects species and toxicity
-Pathogens
-Thermal pollution (cooling waters, climate change?)
-Invasive species introduction
-Noise
-Acidification
-Wetland destruction for development
-Structures? Jetties/walls/islands….concerns even about windmills
Term
prefixes
Definition
milli=10^-3
micro=10^-6
nano=10^-9
pico=10^-12 *metals
femto=10^-15 *metals
atto=10^-18 *metals
zeta=10^-21 *metals
Term
phytoplankton

bacteria
Definition
need light

prefer darkness
Term
the pH is going down in the ocean.... why?
Definition
Because there is more metal in the ocean
Term
Where does the particle intake of the atmosphere/ocean come from?
Definition
-River
-Soil erosion
-vegetation
-volconic activity
-Man-made input
-sediment
Term
What happens in the Particle cycle?
Definition
Primary Prodction->
Biologcal cycle->
Turbulent Mixing->
Physical Advection Diffusion->
Biologcal cycle->
Particle Flux->
Biologcal cycle
Term
How much algea passes 1,000 meters?
Definition
1%, most of it doesnt get past 1,000
Term
Metal classification...
Definition
-The # of e-
-By density
-Transport
Term
Class A are what?
Definition
-Lewis acids (e- acceptors)of small, size & low polarizable
-oxygen seeking
O>N>S
F->Cl->Br->I-

Transport routes..
Atmophilic metal (B,borderline)
Mass trasport to the sea is greater through amtosphere then via river or streams
Term
Class B are what?
Definition
-Lewis acids of large size & high polarizable
-Sulfur/nitrogen seeking
S>N>O
I->Br->Cl->F-

Transport routes..
Lithophilic Metals (A, borderline)
Mass trasport is primarily via river or streams
Term
Examples of Class A
Definition
looking for O2
carboxylate
alcohol
phosphate
Term
Examples of Class B
Definition
sylphydryl
Term
Anthropogenic Sources
Definition
-Mining
-Iron&steel production
-Industrial appication
-Non-Ferrous metal prodution
-Combustion of coal, oil, wood
-Fertilizer
Term
Concentration Factors Increase Inversely with what?
Definition
-Dissolved organic concentration
-Competing ion concentration
-Particulate load
Term
Why phytoplankton are important?
Definition
-Phytoplankton lie at the base of most marine food webs, are known to concentrate some metals appreciably out of seawater, and can serve to introduce them into marine food webs
-Phytoplankton can be sensitive to some toxic metals
-Planktonic debris can influence the sinking and oceanic residence times of metals
Term
Dry wt. Concentration Factor
Definition
DCF (=Kd) = moles Me / g particle
------------------------
moles Me / ml dissolved
Term
Uptake
(rapid/passive)
Definition
-Proportional to ambient concentrations
-Big difference between metals
-Smaller differences between species
Term
EDTA
Definition
Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
-common of chelation of water
Term
Metal concentration in sediments vs TOC
(Total Organic Carbon)
Definition
surface/volume
Term
Stongly complexed by DOC
(dissolved organic carbon)
Definition
*Hg *Cu *Zn *Ag *Cd
The extent of bio accumulation
Term
Adsorption
Definition
sticking
Term
Absorption
Definition
the uptake of substances into or across tissues
Term
Colloidally associated metals in seawater:
Definition
Al, Am, Ce, Pb, Po, Sn, Th
Term
Insignificant association with colloids in seawater:
Definition
Ag, Au, Ba, Cd, Mn, Se
Term
Intermediate association with colloids:
Definition
Zn
Term
dangers to coral reef
Definition
-oil spill
Term
dangers to coral reef
Definition
-oil spill
-coral reproduction
-growth ratedecrease
-cyanide stun fish
-coral mining
-Blast fishing
-Dredging
-Nutrient Enrichment
Term
Assimilation efficiency in copepods is a...
Definition
linear regression
Term
biomagnification
Definition
metal contcentration in tissuesof the preditor is higher then metalcontcentration then prey
Term
Egestion
Definition
The act or process of voiding or discharging undigested food as faeces.

-Sticking
-liquid waste
-excretion (fecal pellets)
Term
Diet is more important than water (esspeally for fish)
Definition
Term
Metals bound to colloidal particles do not typically penetrate into algal cytoplasm, and consequently do not get assimilated by herbivores which ingest these cells. These metals get packaged into fecal pellets which sink rapidly. These metals do not build up appreciably in marine food chains and are not likely to be consequential as micronutrients or as toxicants in marine organisms.
Definition
Term
Metals which display little association with colloidal particles bind directly to algal cells and have a greater chance of penetrating into the cytoplasm of these cells (either by diffusion or through enzymatic activity). Some of these metals that are used as micronutrients, can become toxic to marine organisms, and are assimilated by herbivores in proportion to their penetration into the cytoplasm of single cells. These metals are released from dying cells or sinking biogenic debris at rates comparable to organic carbon and are generally recycled in surface waters through biological activity, consequently have longer oceanic residence times.
Definition
Term
ase=

ose=
Definition
enzyme

sugar
Term
Iron (Fe)
Definition
e- transport
*Redox metal

-Any subsdance is bad if you use to much
Term
Zinc (Zn)
Definition
alcohol dehydrogenase
2nd important
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) as well as membrane-bound organelles.
Term
Advantages in using radiotracers in studying metal bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms
Definition
1.Rapid, accurate, and precise measurements of metals/metalloids using, for many elements of environmental concern, low environmentally realistic concentrations
2.When using gamma-emitting radiotracers, it is possible to make measurements (of several radionuclides) non-destructively
3.faster and generally cheaper
Term
Problems associated with using radiotracers to study contaminant-biota interactions
Definition
1.toxicity problems
2.Care should be taken to assess chemical and physical speciation of added radioisotope to ensure that it is comparable to that of stable
3.radioisotopes can be rapidly exchanged between dissolved and particulate phases
Term
Phytoplankton concentrate metals to varying extents, with relatively small differences between species. Uptake is generally passive and proportional to ambient metal concentrations.
Definition
Term
Sinking pp aggregates can vertically transport metals to intermediate depths. Generally, metals which penetrate into algal cytoplasm are released at rates ≈ org. C from dying/decompressing cells.
Definition
Term
Zooplankton “package” particle-reactive metals into rapidly sinking debris. They assimilate elements in proportion to cyto-plasmic distribution
Definition
Term
Particle-reactive metals typically display short residence times & low AE’s in zp, they display scavenging-type profiles.
Definition
Term
No biomagnification of metals up the food chain. Organisms with highest surface: volume have highest CFs.
Definition
Term
Toxic Chemicals
Definition
-Shift in species composition
-Total biomass/productivity do not necessarily change
-In heavily polluted waters there is often a high biomass but reduced species diversity
-“r” selected organisms often more pollutant-tolerant than “k” selected organisms
Term
Toxicity terms (LC50):
Definition
lethal concentration, concentration of metal that kills 50% of a population
Term
Toxicity terms (EC50:)
Definition
effective or sublethal concentration, the concentration of metal that depresses growth rate by 50% in a population
Term
Ionic forms generally toxic to marine life, some chelated form _______ ______.
Definition
harm less.

ex.
Plankton-Interference with algal cell division rates, photosynthesis, and respiration
Invertebrates-Larvae of oysters, shrimp, crabs, & lobsters up to 1000x
Fish-Adults generally insensitive
Term
Some mechanisms of microbial resistance to toxic metals
Definition
1. Energy-driven efflux pumps
2. Oxidation
3. Biosysnthesis of intracellular compounds to trap metal ions
4. Metal binding by cell surfaces
5. Precipitation of insoluble metal complexes
6. Biomethylation (e.g., Hg) and transport through cell membranes by diffusion-controlled processes.
Term
antagonistic
Definition
make less of the element
-makes its less toxic
Term
synergistis
Definition
make more of the other elements
-makes its more toxic
Term
There is no evidence to support food chain magnification of most metals (notable exception
Definition
Term
Sinking planktonic detritus vertically transports metals in a predictable manner
Definition
Term
Eutrophication
Definition
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land,
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
low O2
=<3 O2/m
Term
Anoxia
Definition
no O2
Term
HABs
Definition
Harmful Algal Blooms
-gelatinous zooplankton
-tinafores
Term
Biogeochemical cycling
Definition
-light limiting
-less mixing
-less O2
-stratifation
-population
Term
Pelagic
Definition
swim @ the top/middle
Term
Deremal
Definition
swim @ the bottom (will be affected more with Eutrophication
Term
The Chesapeake Bay
Definition
-stratifatired bay
-salitity, Anoxic in the summer
-light penetration decreased in the 80s
Term
The Dead Zone
Definition
-Hypoxic in the gulf
-the system has memory
Term
Long Island Sound
Definition
-Hyper-Eutrophied *Forge River
-Duck farms
-Oxiadied Iron+Ulva *sea lecuttuce
=Milky water
-DO=noon(12pm)=photosystisis
Term
Important nutriets
Definition
-N
-P
-Ir
-Si
-Vimins
Term
Eelgrass with epiphyte growth
Definition
Epiphyte cover had a
positive effect on seagrass growth in shallow water but had no
effect on growth in deeper water.
Term
3 types of sewage treatment
Definition
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
Term
How many people don’t have access to an adequate supply of drinking water?
Definition
1 billion
Term
Primary treatment
Definition
really settling sometimes with polymers... [screens]
Term
Secondary treatment
Definition
biological treatment with acclimated bacteria
Term
Tertiary treatment
Definition
-Remove N and P nutrients.
***P removal by precipitation with lime or Al or Fe oxides
-NH4+ removal by ammonia stripping.
-Remove organics through filtration by activated carbon or membrane filtration
Term
alpha rays (He nuclei)
Definition
Passage through a gas many ion pairs (i.e., separate positive gaseous ions and electrons)

Straight line paths; generally, the range of an α particle varies as the sq. root of the atomic wt. and inversely as the density of the medium
Term
Beta Rays
Definition
Electrons or positrons

Number of ion pairs cm-2 of path (i.e, airspecific ionization)<<<α particles.


Βeta particles faster, travel further, easily deflected - - travel several m in air


Range inversely proportional to density of the medium
Term
Gamma Rays
Definition
NOT charged particles & not deflected in electric or magnetic fieldsreleased by atoms in excited, high-energy state (as a result of release of α or β particle); excess energy above that in ground state emitted as a photon of r radiation

No direct production of ion pairs; the r-ray photon able to eject an electron with high energy which can behave like a β particle.

Greatest penetration
Term
Roentgen (R)
Definition
measures amount of energy lost in air by x-rays or gamma rays through ionization
Term
Naval Testing 1960's
__% radionuclides are from humans?
Definition
1%
most of radioactivity is natural
30% of radioactive waste medical wastes
Term
Disposal Methods: Isolation and Confinement
Definition
New packaging method is being considered to resist corrosion and thermal damage
Sediments generally have a large sorptive capacity to prevent radioactive wastes from escaping into seawater above
Term
Chernobyl
Definition
reactor fire released 90 million Ci of Uranium, Plutonium, 90Strontium, 131Iodine, 137Cesium. Distributed over much of Europe, most concentrated in what is now the Ukraine and Belarus

Belarus’s children suffer:
100 fold increase in thyroid cancer
43% increase in disorders of the nervous system
43% increase in blood circulation illnesses
28% increase in disorders of the digestive system
62% increase in disorders of the bone, muscle, and connective tissues
1 in 3 children are ill
Term
Functional groups
Definition
have different sizes (this affects e.g., hydrophobicity or ability to bind with enzyme or receptor binding sites), polarity, reactivity, acid/base character, charge, etc
Term
Pyrethroids
Definition
Synthetic forms now a large part of insecticide market and some can be stable
Permethrin, Resmethrin, Fenvalerate and many others…
Term
organohalogens
Definition
The organohalogens are important environmental contaminants due to persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential for long range transport
Term
Why the interest in organic contaminants in marine systems?
Definition
Humans are exposed daily to numerous chemicals that can harm their health and seafood is sometimes a major source of exposure – as opposed to metals where there are fewer cases (Hg, e.g.) where seafood a major source
Aquatic toxicology
As tracers of water movement (e.g., freons), of sediment history reconstructions (e.g, DDT residues), or of contaminant or organic matter sources in water (e.g., solvent and pharmaceuticals) or sediments (e.g, fecal sterols; nonbiodegradable fabric softeners)
Term
Organophosphate pesticides
Definition
organophosphorous ester insecticides on the market.
Term
(POPs)
Definition
Persistent Organic Pollutants
-over 90 countries promised to reduce or eliminate the production, use, and release of 12 key POPs – the “dirty dozen”.
Term
(PBTs)
Definition
Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic
Term
(EDCs)
Definition
endocrine disrupting compounds
Term
(TBT)
Definition
tributyl tin
Term
PAHs
Definition
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Term
PBDEs
Definition
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(are used as flame retardants)
Term
Name a few of the "dirty dozen"
Definition
1. Aldrin
2.Chordane
3. DDT
4.Dieldrin
5.Endrin
6.Heptachlor
7. Heptachlorbenzene
8. Mirex
9. Toxaphene
10.PCBs
11. Dioxins
12. Furans
Term
Polychlorinated Hydrocarbons
Definition
All the dirty dozen are polychlorinated hydrocarbons
They are stable and do not readily degrade to less toxic forms
Persist in the environment for a long time and can bioaccumulate through the food chains
Insoluble in water; sediments are important reservoirs; transported worldwide in atmosphere; soluble in fats
Polychlorinated hydrocarbons of particular historical environmental concern are DDT, dioxins and PCBs
Term
organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs)
Definition
at high concentration in sludges and biosolids and sometimes in organisms– they can persist in muddy sediments; most not transported in air; many probably not threats
Term
endocrine disruptors/wastewater contaminants/ Pharmaceuticals
Definition
Feminization of male fish (e.g. testis-ova induction)
Alteration of serum steroid levels
Modulation of receptors, and proteins
Potential impacts on both human?? and environmental health
Term
Vapor pressure (VP):
Definition
the pressure of a vapor exerted from a liquid or solid compound. Units are in atmospheres. This term indicates how “volatile” a compound is and is important in understanding whether it will evaporate.
Term
Van der waals interactions:
Definition
short range attraction related to polarizability and for this course remember highly dependent on the molecular size of the compound
Term
Factors Influencing Solubility of a Given Compound in Water
Definition
Size
Polarity
H-bonding
Temperature
Salinity
pH (if it is ionizable – acid/base)
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects measured concentrations passing filters
Term
Henry’s Law Constant
Definition
Pressure/solubility
Term
log Koc=
Definition
a log Kow+b
Term
FOC
Definition
fraction organic carbon
Term
OM
Definition
organic matter
Term
Biomagnification
Definition
An increase in concentration of contaminant moving up the food web..sometimes one compares lipid normalized concentrations to compare organisms as more lipid rich organisms can bioaccumate higher levels under equilibrium conditions
Term
DDT Properties
Definition
Organochlorine hydrocarbon
Stable – half-life years
Persistent
Semi-volatile
Low aqueous solubility
Lipophillic – partitions into organisms
Bioaccumulates
Broad spectrum – toxic to wide variety of animals
Low cost
Term
DDT Hist.
Definition
At its introduction it seemed to be an ideal insecticide:
Cheap to produce
Was apparently non-toxic to humans and other mammals
Did not breakdown easily → continued to kill insects for a long time after application
However, water contaminated with DDT had a devastating effect on fish-eating birds
By the 1960s, populations of bald eagles, peregrine falcons and brown pelicans had plummeted
Insects became increasingly resistant to DDT and larger amounts had to be applied to have the desired effects (unfortunately resistance to some DDT replacements also a problem)
Term
PCBs Hist.
Definition
Production stopped in 1977 in USA
Disposal of PCB-containing products now strictly regulated
→ dramatic decrease in PCB contamination of fish found in some cases but not others
Different species have somewhat different enzymes that can oxidize some PCB congeners – hydroxylated PCBs prevalent in blood of some organisms (e.g., polar bears) and binds strongly to proteins – important thyroid hormone disrupting compounds in polar bears
Because they are highly stable they persist in the environment
Produced in Russia and many developing countries till more recent times?
Term
Where is POPs&PCBs most previliant?
Definition
the Arctic
because Atmospheric circulation, River inflow,Ocean currents
Term
PBDEs in the Environment
Definition
Indoor and outdoor air
House and office dust
Rivers, lakes and sediments
Sewage sludge
Biota (terrestrial and marine mammals, fish, humans), including common foods
Remote Arctic regions (i.e., long-range transport)
Term
PFOS
Definition
- Perfluorooctane sulfonate
Term
PFOA
Definition
- Perfluorooctanoic acid
Term
Surfactants are among the most produced chemicals in the world (>10 millions of tons per year) due to their wide range of applications…
Definition
- Cleaners and detergents
- Personal care products
- Pharmaceuticals products
- Other uses:
Pesticide adjuvants
Wetting agents
Paint additives
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