Term
| What was Freud’s role in promoting cocaine use? |
|
Definition
| He read that cocaine was a miracle drug in a medical journal (not knowing that the journal was basically an advertising brochure owned by the pharmaceutical company Parke-Davis) and wrote the major publication, “Uber Coca,” which promoted the use of cocaine as a local anesthetic and as a treatment for depression, fatigue, indigestion, asthma, syphilis, autism, wasting disease, morphine addiction, and alcoholism. Once one of his friends died from cocaine poisoning, Freud began to distance himself from his promotion of the drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Popular wine; 11% alcohol, 6.5 (mg) milligrams cocaine per ounce |
|
|
Term
| What was the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914? |
|
Definition
o Regulated and taxed Cocaine, Opium, Morphine
o Physicians and pharmacists had to be licensed to prescribe drugs, could only prescribe in the course of their medical practice.
o Addiction not a disease to be treated
o Results of Harrison Narcotics Act
Doctors
Crime
Cocaine
Heroin |
|
|
Term
| What is the Anti-Drug Abuse act of 1986 and how did it differentiate penalties for powder cocaine and for crack? |
|
Definition
| Established mandatory minimum sentences for specific quantities of cocaine. Distribution of just 5 grams of crack cocaine carried the same sentence (a minimum of five years in federal prison) as distribution of 500 grams of powder cocaine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between powder cocaine, and freebase/crack cocaine? What is done to powder cocaine to make freebase or crack? |
|
Definition
• Powder Cocaine: water soluble; administered orally, intranasally, by intravenous (IV) injection, or applied topically; cannot be smoked, breaks down at high heat
• Freebase Cocaine: cocaine separated from acid (when you free the base) making it more lipid soluble, crosses BBB more easily; can be smoked; heated with water in a base, organic solvent such as ether added.
• Crack Cocaine: safer than freebase cocaine in terms of flammability; smokable; dissolved in baking soda and water, and then boiled and cooled. |
|
|
Term
| How does cocaine work in the body? |
|
Definition
| Once it enters the bloodstream, cocaine is widely distributed through body tissues, metabolized by cytochrome P450 system in the liver. |
|
|
Term
| Know the physical effects caused by taking cocaine, both positive and negative |
|
Definition
• Sympathomimetic
• Increase HR, BP, bronchodilation
• Euphoria, energy, arousal, endurance
• Headaches, dry mouth, weight loss due to appetite suppression
• Prevent sleep onset, REM sleep
• Repetitive performance of some useless act for an extended time may be due to stimulation of pathway in basal ganglia
• Addiction and motivation |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine and amphetamine mechanism of action: |
|
Definition
blocks DA reuptake. Also blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT (serotonin).
Cocaine (and amphetamines) particularly increase levels of these neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia (movement), prefrontal cortex (decision making), and VTA/ nucleus accumbens (addiction, reward, and motivation). |
|
|
Term
How addictive is cocaine?
(Be able to describe an experiment that shows the addictive potential of cocaine) |
|
Definition
• Animal is trained to press a bar and self-administer the drug. Once the animal becomes dependent, the scientist increases the number of times the animal needs to press the bar in order to get the drug. The number continues to increase as the experiment progresses. With most drugs, at some point, the animal decides it is not worth the effort and stops pressing the bar, but not with cocaine. One chimp pressed the bar 12,800 times to get more cocaine. Also, when allowed to self-administer drugs like alcohol, nicotine or heroin, animals will not usually overdose. However, with cocaine, they will use it until they die.
• 2 groups of rats were trained to self-administer drugs through pressing the bar, one group heroin one group cocaine. Heroin group that came depended incorporated drug use into their daily routines, but cocaine group pressed it until they died. |
|
|
Term
| What are the current medical uses of cocaine, if any? |
|
Definition
| local anesthetic; used in oral and eye surgeries. |
|
|
Term
| What is its current legal status and which schedule is Cocaine? |
|
Definition
| Legal for medical use; Schedule 2 |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines mechanism of action |
|
Definition
Like cocaine, blocks reuptake of NE, DA, 5HT
Also increases release of DA and blocks MAO (at high doses)
DA: locomotor effects, psychosis, perception disturbances
NE: sympathomimetic, increase alertness, movement, reduce appetite
5HT: delusions and psychosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is amphetamine psychosis? |
|
Definition
| Repeated use of amphetamines over days or weeks can lead to a psychotic state of hallucinations, hostility, panic, and paranoia that resembles schizophrenia. Can persist for weeks or months after withdrawn. Can be more dangerous than cocaine psychosis because of higher potency. |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines are schedule II: what conditions are amphetamines approved to treat? |
|
Definition
| ADHD, narcolepsy, and short-term weight reduction. Reduces appetite. |
|
|
Term
| Know the symptoms of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
|
Definition
Inattention, impulsivity, hyperactive
o Children up to age 16 must show 6 or more symptoms of inattention, and/or of impulsivity-hyperactivity; those over age 16 can be diagnosed if they have 5 or more symptoms.
o Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 12 years.
o Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings
o Must interfere with social, academic, occupational functioning
o Not due to other condition—schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, etc.
o ADHD is a subjective diagnosis. It is open to interpretation and is may be context-dependent. |
|
|
Term
| Know the demographics of ADHD diagnosis—gender, race and SES, age |
|
Definition
• Boys 2-3 times as often as girls
• Rates are still highest in middle to upper-middle class white boys
• highly diagnosed in minorities and those of lower SES |
|
|
Term
| What does the No Child Left Behind Law have to do with ADHD diagnosis and ADHD drug prescription? |
|
Definition
• school funding became based on students’ standardized math and reading test scores, such that schools were rewarded financially for better scores.
• As a result, poorer states (Southern states) have higher rates of ADHD diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| List some reasons for the huge increase in prevalence of ADHD over the past 30 years. |
|
Definition
• Overdiagnosis
• Medicalization of problems
• Direct to consumer ads
• Electronic devices
• Changes in schooling |
|
|
Term
| Know the main 2 types of ADHD drugs (methylphenidate and amphetamine) and some examples of those types |
|
Definition
Methylphenidate
o Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin
Amphetamines
o Adderall, Dexedrine, Vyvanse |
|
|
Term
| Be familiar with the effects and side effects of drugs that treat ADHD |
|
Definition
• Amphetamine psychosis
• Tweak
• Can improve focus, handwriting, quiz grades
• Decreased sleep, appetite
• Dizziness, headaches, irritability |
|
|
Term
| Be able to discuss the pros and cons of giving ADHD drugs to children. |
|
Definition
• Can improve focus, handwriting, quiz grades
• Issues of free will (kids should be kids)
• Decreased appetite, headaches, irritability |
|
|
Term
| What were the Opium Wars? |
|
Definition
England controlled opium growing districts of India. Had monopoly on opium trade.
Chinese emperor banned opium, destroyed it when it came to port
England sent warships to China to preserve their right to smuggle in illegal opium
By 1900, half of the adult male population of China was addicted to opium. |
|
|
Term
| What 5 factors accounted for the huge increase in opium addiction during the 19th century? |
|
Definition
Isolation of morphine, the active ingredient in opium
Isolated in 1803. Manufactured in 1830s
Development of hypodermic syringe: 1853
Importation of Chinese laborers to build railroad
Civil War (hacksaws sawing off your leg; a true Godsend)
Patent Medicines (baldness, menstrual cramps) |
|
|
Term
| Why were opiates called “God’s own medicine?” |
|
Definition
| By the late 19th century, the three leading causes of death were pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), and diarrhea, which together caused one third of all deaths. Opium was a drug that treated them all |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between opium and morphine? |
|
Definition
Morphine: controlled by medical profession—purified; used by upper class
Opium: sold over the counter, on streets, in tonics. Cheaper than alcohol; used by lower classes |
|
|
Term
| What company invented heroin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Operation Golden Flow? |
|
Definition
| Established in 1971 by President Nixon. Not allowed to leave Vietnam unless they passed a clean urine test. |
|
|
Term
| Which country is the #1 user of opioids in the world (per capita)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is heroin use increasing in the US? |
|
Definition
Availability of cheaper, purer heroin
Some find it easier to get heroin than prescription opioids |
|
|
Term
| Naturally-occuring opioids: |
|
Definition
o Opium
o Morphine
o Codeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Di-acetyl-morphine (Heroin)
o Hydromorphone (Dilauded)
o Oxycodone (Percodan, Percocet, OxyContin)
o Hydrocodone (Vicodin = Hydrocodone + acetaminophen)
o Buprenorphine (Subutex, Suboxone)
o Etorphine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Fentanyl (Sublimaze) 100 x more))
o Meperidine (Demerol)
o Methadone (Dolophine)
o Propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet) |
|
|
Term
| What is the relative strength of morphine compared to heroin and Fentanyl? |
|
Definition
Fentanyl is 100 times stronger than morphine
Heroin is 10 times stronger than morphine |
|
|
Term
| Which schedule is morphine? Heroin? Fentanyl? |
|
Definition
Heroin is schedule 1
Morphine is schedule 2
Fentanyl is schedule 2 |
|
|
Term
| Know the short-term physical effects caused by taking the drug, both positive and negative |
|
Definition
Diminishes pain
Decreased GI activity
Treats diarrhea
Cough suppressant
Breathing suppressant
Hypothermia
Sedation, drowsiness, lack of concentration
Euphoria, well-being, tranquility, disconnectedness
• May decrease PTSD
Pupils constrict
Nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What are the approved medical uses of morphine? |
|
Definition
Pain
cough suppressant
diarrhea treatment |
|
|
Term
| Physical effects from chronic use of opioids |
|
Definition
Physical effects
• (opposite of what the drug is used for) Impotence, constipation, difficulties in problem solving, and increased sensitivity to pain. No real organ damage.
Tolerance develops quickly
• Physical tolerance (metabolic, cellular)
• Behavioral tolerance
o Increased tolerance if you take drug in location where they have previously repeatedly used the drug
Dependence and addiction
• Typically 5-18 months to develop addiction
• 1.5% prescription opioid users become addicted
• 23% of heroin users become addicted |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of physical withdrawal from opioids |
|
Definition
• Restlessness, agitation
• “going cold turkey” goose bumps
• Vomiting, diarrhea
• “kicking the habit” legs kick out uncontrollably during withdrawal
• Priapism (erection for hours and hours) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rat Park (Bruce Alexander, published in 1980)
• Of course the rats will do heroin if they are in a cage and can do nothing. Rat park provides toys and playthings. Provides water and morphine-laced water.
• The rats tasted morphine-laced water and never drank it again.
• Took the rats that were already addicted and found that they went through withdrawal and didn’t use the drug anymore. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to classify the different hallucinogens as psychedelic, deliriant, or dissociative |
|
Definition
Psychedelic
Serotonergic:
• Psilocybin– mushrooms
• DMT– plants
• Ayahuasca– tea from 2 vines
• Bufotenine—toads
• LSD– synthetic
• [MDMA]—synthetic hallucinogen/stimulant
Catecholaminergic
• Peyote / mescaline (mescaline active ingredient of peyote cactus)
• Nutmeg
Deliriant
Belladonna
Datura
Mandrake
Dissociative
PCP, Ketamine
Amanita muscaria |
|
|
Term
| Who first synthesized LSD? |
|
Definition
| Albert Hoffmann first synthesized LSD in 1938. |
|
|
Term
| What role did Timothy Leary play in promoting LSD use? |
|
Definition
| "Turn on, tune in, and drop out." Gave LSD to students. |
|
|
Term
| What is Project MK-ULTRA? |
|
Definition
| MK-Ultra was a top-secret CIA project in which the agency conducted hundreds of secret experiments—sometimes on unwitting U.S. citizens—to assess the potential use of LSD and other drugs for mind control, information gathering and psychological torture. |
|
|
Term
| When was MDMA classified as schedule I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the different hallucinogens, know which ones are derived from plants, fungi, animals, or synthetic |
|
Definition
Psilocybin– fungi
DMT– plants
Ayahuasca– tea from 2 vines
Bufotenine—toads
LSD– synthetic
[MDMA]—synthetic hallucinogen/stimulant
Peyote / mescaline (mescaline active ingredient of peyote cactus) |
|
|
Term
| Which schedules are LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, PCP, and atropa belladonna? |
|
Definition
LSD is schedule 1
Psilocybin is schedule 1
MDMA is schedule 1
PCP is schedule 2
Atropa belladonna is not scheduled |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in effective dose for LSD and MDMA? |
|
Definition
• LSD: 100 mcg (micrograms)
• MDMA: 100 mg (milligrams) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in duration of action for LSD and DMT? |
|
Definition
• LSD: 11 hours
• DMT: 15-30 minutes |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter does LSD, psilocybin effect? And what specifically is the effect on that neurotransmitter (block receptors, increase release, etc.) |
|
Definition
• largely work by affecting serotonin (serotonergic receptors, especially 5-HT receptors)
• Inhibit thalamus
• Decreased activity in “default mode network” of brain
• Increases sensitivity of locus coeruleus (sensory systems sent to cortex)
• Visual cortex communicates more with other areas of the brain
• Increase activity in hippocampus (dreams) |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter does MDMA effect? And what specifically is the effect on that neurotransmitter (block receptors, increase release, etc.) |
|
Definition
MDMA increases levels of serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin.
• Increases serotonin in 3 ways: (in order)
• Increases release
• Blocks reuptake
• Inhibits MAO (enzyme that breaks down serotonin)
• Also indirect increase in dopamine, oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter dooes Peyote effect? And what specifically is the effect on that neurotransmitter (block receptors, increase release, etc.) |
|
Definition
| The chemical structure of (peyote) mescaline is very similar to that of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, thus the drug can interfere with their actions in the brain |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter do (deliriants) atropa belladonna and datura effect? And what specifically is the effect on that neurotransmitter (block receptors, increase release, etc.) |
|
Definition
| Deliriants such belladonna and datura prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptors (Block muscarinic receptors in heart, lungs, GI, glands, brain) |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter do PCP, ketamine, Amanita muscaria (dissociatives) effect? And what specifically is the effect on that neurotransmitter (block receptors, increase release, etc.) |
|
Definition
• bind to and block glutamatergic NMDA receptors
• Also increase synthesis and release of DA
• Affects pain, memory, perception, general cognitive function |
|
|
Term
| "Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter." |
|
Definition
| Deleriants: deadly nightshade, datura, mandrake, henbane. |
|
|
Term
Psychedelic hallucinogens
What are the physical effects, both positive and negative? |
|
Definition
o Sympathomimetic
Increase BP, HR, body temperature, dilates pupils, headache, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth, piloerection (goosebumps), nausea, vomiting
o Alterations in perception and sensation, visual illusions
Increased color perception, increased sensory perception
See patterns, such as spirals, checkerboard patterns, flashes of light, movement in stable objects (trails)
o Synesthesia (overlap of senses; smell red, taste C-chord)
o Altered time perception
o Changes in perception of self, body image
Mind is disconnected from body, you are a part of your environment
Collaborative experience between you and environment
o Cognitive alterations
Trouble focusing, concentrating, impaired judgment
o Enhance emotions, both good and bad
• Negative effects
o Bad trips, fear, paranoia
o Flashbacks
Spontaneous visual disturbances such as trails or flashes of color that occur long after the drug has left the body
Typically brief and mild |
|
|
Term
| Is the therapeutic index of LSD and psilocybin relatively high or low? |
|
Definition
| Very high; no recorded overdoses or organ damage |
|
|
Term
| Are there any currently approved medical uses for LSD and psilocybin? Is there a potential medical use that isn’t yet approved? |
|
Definition
| Cluster headache, to ease the psychological trauma in end-of-life patients, PTSD, and drug and alcohol addiction. |
|
|
Term
| MDMA: What are the physical effects, both positive and negative? |
|
Definition
Acute effects
• Sympathomimetic
o Dilated pupils, dry mouth, elevated heart rate and BP, tense jaw, increased sweat, hyperthermia, suppressed appetite
• Euphoria, relaxation, empathy, self-acceptance, increased sociability, emotional warmth
Negative effects
• Depression (lasting for days)
o Increases release of 5-HT and depletes the neurons of their stores.
• Neurotoxicity
o MDMA produces significant long-term neurochemical changes (in serotonin) after a single administration and selective and possibly permanent brain damage during repetitive use.
• Possible cognitive effects
o Even with small usage, lab tests have shown decreased memory and attention
• Potentially fatal effects
o Hyperthermia/ elevated body temperature
o Cardiac complications
Elevated BP, HR, Increased blood coagulation
o Hyponatremia— low plasma levels of sodium
Increased fluid intake hyponatremia (decreased Na+) cerebral edema
o Serotonin syndrome
Headache, agitation, confusion, elevated BP and HR, diarrhea, shivering, sweating, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| MDMA: Is the therapeutic index relatively high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MDMA: Are there any currently approved medical uses? Is there a potential medical use that isn’t yet approved? |
|
Definition
• Possibly Psychotherapy
o May greatly decrease PTSD in those who don’t respond to other treatments |
|
|
Term
| MDMA: What are some of the ways that ecstasy can be fatal? |
|
Definition
• Serotonin syndrome
• Hyperthermia/ elevated body temperature
• Cardiac complications
• Hyponatremia— low plasma levels of sodium |
|
|
Term
o Sensation of flying
Witches on broomsticks! |
|
Definition
| Deliriants such as atropa belladonna and datura |
|
|
Term
| deliriants such as atropa belladonna and datura: Is the therapeutic index relatively high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disassociatives: Is the therapeutic index relatively high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disassociatives: Are there any currently approved medical uses? Is there a potential medical use that isn’t yet approved? |
|
Definition
• Ketamine still used as a short acting general anesthetic
• Treat depression |
|
|
Term
| Describe the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act. |
|
Definition
Any person cultivating, transporting, selling, prescribing, or using marijuana had to be registered and pay a tax of $100 per ounce (comparable to about $1,650 today).
Punishments for illegal possession were a $2,000 fine ($33,000 today), five years in prison, or both, but penalties got harsher over the years. |
|
|
Term
| Which was the first U.S. state to legalize medical marijuana? What year did that occur? |
|
Definition
| 1996: California approved Proposition 215 and became the first state to legalize the medical use of marijuana. |
|
|
Term
| Which were the first 2 states to legalize recreational marijuana for adult use? |
|
Definition
| In 2012, Washington and Colorado legalized recreational use |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the male and female cannabis plant? |
|
Definition
Male plants have pollen sacs. When mature, open up and bloom and make flowers
Female plants produce a sticky, psychoactive resin. Contains lots of cannabinoids. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica? |
|
Definition
Cannabis sativa
Tall, slender plant with thin, narrow, light green leaves capable of reaching heights of 15–20 feet that grows in tropical or semitropical regions—warm climates with long season
Thought to have more invigorating, uplifting cerebral effects.
Cannabis Indica
Shorter plant, Wider, darker, broader, deeply serrated leaves, compact dense flower cluster. Better in cooler climates with shorter seasons.
Thought be more physically sedating, relaxing. Less anxiety, more sedation and pain alleviation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aromatic compounds produced by plants and fruit.
• Influence the effect.
Over 200 types of terpenes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the endocannabinoid system? What are its components? |
|
Definition
The ECS is present in every single system in the body and found in all complex animals from fish to humans. Involved in homeostasis—maintenance of stable internal environment despite fluctuations in external environment.
When there is a trigger such as illness, injury, inflammation, stress, you will make endocannabinoids to try to balance cell’s messages
Basic functions of ECS: Relax, eat, sleep, forget, protect |
|
|
Term
| What are phytoannabinoids? |
|
Definition
any cannabinoid that is naturally occurring within the cannabis family of plants. Such cannabinoids include the more famous THC and CBD
• Cannabis plants contain hundreds of chemicals. Over 400 molecules.
o Over 113 different cannabinoids identified so far. Bind to body’s cannabinoid receptors.
o Cannabis plant doesn’t actually make THC and CBD; it makes precursors such as THCA and CBDA, which need to be activated to become THC, CBD, etc.
• THC
o Feel hunger, psychoactive (high)
o Relieves pain and nausea
o THC dominate strains typically used for euphoria, and to treat pain, depression, anxiety, insomnia
• CBD
o Non-intoxicating
o Antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antianxiety, antipsychotic, and neuroprotective properties and can modify/ block some of THC’s more negative effects
o Alleviate anxiety, pain, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect amount of phytocannabinoids in a plant |
|
Definition
o Type of plant, growing conditions, timing of harvest, storage, age of the plant
o As the plant matures, different chemicals predominate.
CBDA > CBD >THC > other cannabinoids
When you harvest can affect THC:CBD |
|
|
Term
| What are cannabinoid receptors? |
|
Definition
located throughout the body. They are part of the endocannabinoid system, which is involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory
• CB1: All over the brain! LOTS! Involved in: Pain; memory, learning, forgetting; emotion, anxiety, depression; motor control and coordination; appetite; reward, motivation, pleasure; nausea and vomiting; others. Also throughout the body: Lungs, liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, GI tract, fat, bone, reproductive organs, etc.
• CB2: Mostly in immune system, but also many organs of the body and in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What are endocannabinoids and what is the endocannabinoid system (ECS)? |
|
Definition
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters
• 1992, Raphael Mechoulam and his colleagues at Hebrew University in Israel discovered an endogenous cannabinoid that mimics THC and binds to cannabinoid receptors
o Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), called it “anandamide”
o Anandamide is shorter-acting and 4-10 times less potent than THC.
• 1995, group discovered 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol), a second, more abundant cannabinoid, which binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. |
|
|
Term
| How does the route of administration influence the effect of cannabis on the body? Specifically, compare inhaled and orally ingested cannabis. |
|
Definition
o Inhaled
Smoking
• Rapidly absorbed into blood supply of lungs. Travels quickly to heart & brain
Vaporizer
• Liquid substance with chemicals and propylene glycol, a synthetic liquid in which you heat and vaporize cannabinoids—flower or infused oil.
• Some of the negative respiratory effects of smoking can be circumvented by the use of vaporizers.
o Ingestion
Raw plant. Contains THCA, which is not psychoactive. THCA must be heated to convert into THC.
Non-psychoactive, but other benefits
Edibles
• Need heat to decarboxylate the THCA into THC and oils for absorption from GI tract
• Less absorbed into bloodstream compared to inhalation. Orally administered cannabis has a delayed onset of action, but its effects last longer than smoking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• First pass effect
o Liver metabolizes marijuana before it enters the brain
o Metabolized into 11-hydroxy-THC
• Variable dosing
• Variable absorption
o Takes longer to get to be absorbed into bloodstream and then get to brain
o Effects are less predictable and controllable
• Risk of accidental overconsumption |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of routes of administration of cannabis. |
|
Definition
| Inhaled, ingestion, sublingual, dabbing, topical/transdermal |
|
|
Term
| Cannabis’s physiological effects may be very variable. Give at least 3 factors that may explain this variability. |
|
Definition
| Dose, ratio of THC to CBD, expectations, previous experiences, environment |
|
|
Term
| What effect does cannabis have on: |
|
Definition
Memory: inhibited memory encoding and retrieval
Coordination: impaired
Cognition: impaired
Analgesia: reduce sensitivity to acute and chronic pain
Heart rate: elevated
Appetite: increased
Sex drive/ Libido: inconsistent
Sperm production and movement: inconsistent
Mood: happy, euphoric
Sensory perception: enhances
Time: long and drawn out
Blood vessel dilation (to the skin, eye, and salivary glands): skin dilate, leading to flushing, feeling of warmth; dilate in eye, making them bloodshot; salivary glands constrict leading to dry mouth
Movement and secretion in the GI tract: reduced abnormally high gastric secretion and GI inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Does marijuana increase the risk of schizophrenia? What is some evidence in favor of this idea? What are some caveats when considering this theory? |
|
Definition
Very large doses of cannabis can sometimes result in psychotic-like symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations, delusions of control or persecution, and grandiose identity, which resemble some symptoms of schizophrenia.
People with schizophrenia use more cannabis than the general population, and schizophrenics who use marijuana are more difficult to treat effectively
Some studies have suggested that cannabis users are at a higher risk of schizophrenia.
• In a susceptible minority who are predisposed to psychosis, repeated cannabis exposure may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, especially if these individuals smoke strains that have a high THC:CBD. In those with an established psychotic disorder, can make symptoms worse and even trigger relapse
• Maybe underage smoking triggers emergence of schizophrenia earlier than it might otherwise appear. (Onset of psychosis happened an average of 3 years earlier for pot smokers than for never-users.)
Critically evaluate! Correlation is not causation. |
|
|
Term
| What is marijuana’s therapeutic index? |
|
Definition
| well over 1000. Some estimate as high as 40,000 |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible medical uses of marijuana? |
|
Definition
Well-documented, substantial evidence:
• Effective for treating chronic pain, reducing nausea and vomiting, stimulating hunger, and alleviating the stiffness and muscle spasms experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis.
Potential uses being investigated
• Effectiveness against ALS, Alzheimer’s disease, analgesia, anxiety, asthma, cancer, depression, diabetes, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, irritable bowel disease, migraines, Parkinson’s disease, PTSD, stroke. |
|
|
Term
| California Proposition 215 (1996) |
|
Definition
| Compassionate Use Act. First state to legalize medical use of marijuana |
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| Conant v McCaffrey (2000) |
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| After California Proposition 215 passed, Clinton administration said they’d go after physicians, revoke their prescription-writing abilities, etc. Group of physicians challenged this as violation of first amendment rights |
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| Even when individuals or businesses are in compliance with state cannabis laws, they are still violating federal cannabis laws |
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•Under Obama administration, hands off approach for legal adult use when in compliance with state law
2018: Jeff Sessions rescinded Cole |
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| If you have a prescription for medical marijuana and get drug tested… doesn’t matter. Can still get fired or not hired |
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| Alterman v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue (2018) |
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| Confirmed that a cannabis business’s tax deductions are disallowed. Because the business is trafficking an illegal substance. |
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Harry Anslinger had an ally in publisher William Randolph Hearst, who launched a smear campaign in his newspapers against Mexican migrants and their “murder weed.”
Movies, books, and ads depicted the horrors that would supposedly come from smoking marijuana
• Reefer Madness |
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was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of LSD.
19 April 1943, Hofmann intentionally ingested 250 micrograms of LSD. This day is now known as "Bicycle Day", because he began to feel the effects of the drug as he rode home on a bike. This was the first intentional LSD trip. |
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| Timothy Leary (Teacher loves him) |
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| was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions. LSD psychiatry potential. |
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Created Coca-Cola/ pemberton house historic
In April 1865, Dr. Pemberton sustained a saber wound to the chest during the Battle of Columbus. He soon became addicted to the morphine used to ease his pain. Created coco-cola to kick his habbit. |
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