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Definition
| Penguin's success inspired entrepreneur Robert de Graff, who partnered with publishers Simon & Schuster to bring it to the American market. Priced at 25 cents and featuring the logo of Gertrude the kangaroo (named after the artist's mother-in-law), Pocket Books' editorial policy of reprints of light literature, popular non-fiction, and mysteries was coordinated with its strategy of selling books outside the traditional distribution channels. The format size, and the fact that the books were glued rather than stitched, were cost-cutting innovations. |
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Term
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Definition
1731 - Ben Franklin established 1st American library
• Franklin wrote and published his own works, such as
Poor Richardʼs Almanac
General Magazine
– Benjamin Franklin - six issues
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| Wrote Lady Chatterly's Lover which was published by Grove and was sexually explicit. Banned from US for being obscene. |
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| Started the New York Weekly Journal in 1733. It continually attacked Governor William Cosby for incompetence and Zenger was arrested and jailed, charged with printing false and seditious writing. His trial established a landmark precedent for freedom of the press in America-the concept that truth is the best defense for libel. |
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| North Star-Most important African American pre-Civil War newspaper. |
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| Mark Twain-started out at the Territorial Enterprise and jokingly signed his name as Mark Twain. |
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| Bought the NY Journal and made price a penny. Created Yellow Journalism by stealing ideas and competing with Pulitzer. |
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| Published the first newspaper comic hogans alley. |
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| Magazines: Time, Fortune (1950s) Created Sports Illustrated and Life |
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| Worked for Mclures mag. in 1894 as an associate editor. Had a series about Pres. Lincoln boosted the mags circulation. Series about standard oil and John D. Rockefeller. She was a Muckraker. |
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| An amount the publisher pays the author before the book is published. |
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| Abridged versions of classic books and popular new titles on cds. |
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| Containing or constituting a libel. a false statement that damages a persons character. |
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| Language that authorities believe could incite rebellion against the gov. |
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| Writers who are not on the staff of a magazine but who are paid for each individual article published. |
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| Investigative magazine journalists who targeted abuses by government and big business. |
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| Books distributed through mass channels-newstands, chain stores, drugstores, and supermarkets. |
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| An amount the publisher pays an author, based on an established percentage of the book's price; royalties run anywhere from 6-15 percent. |
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| The rights to market a book for other uses-to make a movie or to print a character from the book on T-shirts. |
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| News agencies that sell articles for publications to a number of newspapers simultaneously. |
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| A small-format newspaper that features large photographs and illustrations along with sensational stories. |
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| News that emphasizes crime, sex and violence; also called jazz journalism and tabloid journalism. |
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| People who share a magazine with the original recipient. |
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| An audio or video file made available on the internet for anyone to download, often available by subscription. |
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| Magazines that consumers buy directly, not by subscription. They are sold mainly at checkout stands in supermarkets. |
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The Four Characteristics of the Culture and Commerce of Publishing
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Definition
– Fickle and uncertain market for books
– Industry decentralized in sectors with diverse operations – Operations mix mass production and artistic craft
– Poised between requirements of commerce and obligations of
preserving symbolic culture
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Term
How American Book Publishing Grew
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Definition
Political Pamphlets – Thomas Paineʼs Common
Sense, 1776 – Runaway best seller
(100,000 copies) – Widest read author of the
American Revolution Novels, Poetry, Humor
– American publishers and foreign authorʼs royalties
– 19th Century “Dime Novels” – Poetry in the 1800s – Mark Twain and American
humor
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Term
Three Influential 19th Century Events for
Publishing
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Definition
International Copyright Law of 1891 – Requirement to pay author royalties,
both foreign and domestic – Shift toward publishing American
authors Publishing Houses
– Large book-related firms Compulsory Education
– Public education by 1900 – Textbook publishing
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Term
Grove Press Tests Censorship
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Definition
| They published the sexually explicit Lady Chatterlys lover and tropic of Cancer both were banned from the US and the Autobiography of Malcolm X. |
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Term
Investors Buy Up Publishing Companies
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Definition
Before the 1960s – Independent publishing houses
dominate industry Post World War II college boom
– publishing becomes attractive investment
1960 to present – Widespread publishing mergers,
acquisitions by non-publishing corporations
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Term
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Definition
20,000 Publishers
– Only 2000 publish more than 4 titles/year
• Employees – 80% employ fewer than 20
• Adultandjuveniletrade books
– Half of all books sold • Book prices rising
– Cost nearly 3 times 1979 prices
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Term
How Do Books Get Published?
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Definition
• Author • Acquisitions editor
– Makes agreements with authors – Liaison with authors – Negotiates sale of subsidiary rights
• Production editor – Turns manuscript into book
• Designer – Decides what the book will look like
• Manufacturing supervisor • Marketing
– Advertising and Promotion • Fulfillment
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Term
Book Industry Has Five Major Markets
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Definition
Trade Books – General public fiction and non-
fiction titles • Religious Books
– Hymnals, Bibles, etc. • Professional Books
– Technical, science, medical • Mass Market Paperbacks
– Sold on “racks,” cheaper paper • T extbooks
– Elementary through college • University Press Books
– Limited titles by universities
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Term
Corporations Demand Higher Profits
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Definition
• Subsidiary Rights – Negotiated rates for movies, book clubs, CDs, paperback
reprints, foreign sales, merchandising, etc. • Blockbusters
– Pursuit of best-selling authors – Creating “brand loyalty” in readers – Advances in the millions of dollars
• Chain bookstores – Barnes & Noble – Books and atmosphere
• Internet Retailers • Publishing news link
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Term
Small Presses Challenge Corporate Publishing
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Definition
Large publishers print 80% of books sold Small presses
– Few employees – Specialized titles – Poetry – Alternative subjects – Regional presses – Targeted marketing
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Term
Publishers Promote Audio Books and Digital
Alternatives
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Definition
E-books – Electronic versions to download on a computer – Can be stored on small drives – Market acceptance slow – Limited investment support
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Term
New Technologies Affect Production and Consumption
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Definition
1. Computers 2. Electronicsubmission,
editing and production 3. ElectronicGraphics 4. Websitesforadvertising 5. Shiftsinpublishing
industry
6. Morefreelancecontracts 7. Audio books
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Term
Magazines Reflect Trends and Culture
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Definition
Sports Illustrated – Sports
• Glamour – 2 million readers
• Parenting – $200,000 in advertising
• Maxim – 2.5 million readers – Maxim Radio on SIRIUS
• Magazines reflect the culture
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Term
Colonial Magazines Compete with Newspapers
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Definition
50 years after the first colonial newspaper
American Magazine
– Philadelphia -1741 - three issues
General Magazine
– Benjamin Franklin - six issues Magazine v. Newspaper
– Magazine: national politics, culture and ideas – Newspapers: daily events of local communities
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Term
Magazines Travel Beyond Local Boundaries
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Definition
• Magazines-firstnationalmedium – Newspapers local – Books expensive
• Magazine specialties – News
– Culture
– Entertainment • Saturday Evening Post
– First national publication,1821
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Term
Four Ways 19th Century Magazines Reached
Out To New Readers
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Definition
Womenʼs Issues: Godey's Ladyʼs Book, 1830
– Advice on morals, manners, literature, fashion, diet
• Social Crusades: Ladiesʼ Home Journal, 1887
– Advocated Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906
• The Arts - Harperʼs, Atlantic Monthly 1850s
• Political Commentary - Nation, 1865; New Republic, 1914; Crisis, 1910
• Postal Act of 1879 – Cheaper mailing rate for magazines
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Term
McClure’s Launches Investigative Journalism
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Definition
Muckrakers – Term coined by Teddy
Roosevelt who compared crusading reporters to the “Man with a Muckrake” in Pilgrimʼs Progress
• Opposed relationship between big business and government
• Ida Tarbell and McClureʼs
– Targeted John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil, 1904
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Term
| The New Yorker and Time Succeed Differently |
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Definition
Two kinds of audience – Definable, targeted, loyal audience
• Harold Rossʼ The New Yorker – commentary, fiction and humor for sophisticated, wealthy
audience – Broad, general readership
• Henry Luceʼs Time – News & Comment in 28 pages – “For people willing to spend a half hour to avoid being
uninformed”
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Term
Specialized Magazines Take Over
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Definition
• Decline of general interest magazines
• People want specialized information
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Term
Magazines Divide into Three Types
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Definition
• Three Types – Consumer Publications – Trade, Technical and
Professional Publications – Company Publications
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Term
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Definition
Editorial – Produces the content of the
magazine • Circulation sales
– Manages subscriptions • Advertising sales
– Sales of advertising space • Manufacturing &
distribution – Production and delivery of
the magazine
• Administration – Hiring, paying bills, etc.
Ad rates depend on circulation • Circulation
– Measured by the Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) • Staff Writers • Freelancers
– Paid per article published – Some specialize in a subject area – Often write for more than one publication at a time
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Term
Magazines Compete for Readers in Crowded
Markets
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Definition
Smaller social role • Competition for specific
audiences • Largest magazine audience:
Women – “Point-of-purchase” (Checkout)
• Segmented Audiences – Special interests – Regions, age groups, etc.
• Magazine Launches – 1in3survive5years – Limited pool of purchasers – Circulation down; Ad income up
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Term
Readers Represent a Valuable Audience
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Definition
Average magazine reader – High school graduate – Married – Owns a home
– Works full time Attractive audience for advertisers Pass along readership
– People keep magazines an average of 17 weeks – Each magazine has an average of four readers – Better ad targeting
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Term
Companies Expand Ownership and Define
Readership
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Definition
Industry sales – U.S. News for $100 million – Billboard for $40 million
• Refinement of audiences • Internet Editions
– Conferences with editors and newsmakers
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Term
Internet Editions Offer New Publishing Outlets
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Definition
Internet Editions
– Conferences with editors and newsmakers
– Posting feedback on articles • Internet Only Magazines
– Salon
– Slate
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Term
First Mass Medium to Deliver News
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Definition
Publick Occurences,1690 – Only one issue
– 1st American newspaper
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Term
| Publishers Fight for an Independent Press |
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Definition
ublick Occurences,1690 – Only one issue
– 1st American newspaper • Boston News-Letter, 1704
– 1st consecutive American paper • New England Courant, 1721 – 1st independent newspaper
– James Franklin • Pennsylvania Gazette, 1729
– Most financially successful colonial paper
– Benjamin Franklin • New York Weekly Journal, 1733
– Landmark libel suit – John Peter Zenger
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Term
19th Century Technological Advances
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Definition
Cheaper newsprint – Cheaper papers
Mechanized printing – Faster production
T elegraph – More immediate news
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Term
Dissident Voices Create the Early Alternative
Press
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Definition
Abolitionist Freedom Journal, 1827
• Frederick Douglass, North Star, 1847
• The Liberator, 1831 – William Lloyd Garrison • Spirit of Liberty, 1844
– Ida B. Wells • Pittsburgh Saturday Visiter,
1848 – Jane Grey Swisshelm – 1st female reporter on Senate
floor
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Term
Newspapers Seek Mass Audiences and Big
Profits
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Definition
New York Sun, 1833 – Benjamin Day – Dropped price to a penny, less than half of going rate – Sensational news, gossip – Sold papers to newsboys who resold for profit – Increased reliance on advertising
New York Times, 1851 – Began publishing as a penny paper
Newspapers dominant national media until 1920s
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Term
Unionization Encourages Professionalism
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Definition
Unionization – International Typographical Union, 1850s – Newspaper Guild, 1934
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Term
Television Brings New Competition
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Definition
Competition with Radio and Television news Revival of alternative press
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Term
Alternative Press Revives Voices of Protest
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Definition
– Vietnam War and 1960s activism Declining readership
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Term
Newspapers Expand and Contract
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Definition
Declining readership
– TVʼs impact – In-depth coverage – Role of advertising
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Term
Editorial Department Roles
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Definition
Editors
• Newseditor • Sportseditor • Editor-in-chief
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Term
Newspapers Struggle to Retain Readers
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Definition
Battle for readers
– Targeting teens and women
– Targeting local ethnic groups
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Term
Technology Transforms Production
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Definition
• Most newspapers have electronic versions
• News archives available for fee • Content of online editions
– Shorter articles for computer – Highlights of the dayʼs news – Added graphic features – Interactive features
– Links for more info
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Term
| Consolidation Increases Chain Ownership |
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Definition
Newspaper Chains – Declining circulation – Consolidation into national chain
ownershi
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