Term
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Definition
| Internet, Television, Newspapers, Film, and Radio. |
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Term
| What is Mass Media used for? |
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Definition
| It is used for mass communications and sometimes the organizations that control these technologies. |
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Term
| What is old and new media? |
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Definition
| Older media is considered newspaper, radio, and in some cases television. New media is considered internet. |
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Term
| Examples of Mainstream and Alternative News? |
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Definition
| Mainstream news is considered Fox News, CNN, Washington Post etc. Alternative News is considered Huffington Post and other smaller news organizations |
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Term
| What is the Fourth Estate? |
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Definition
| Is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media; especially print journalism or "The Press" |
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Term
| Why do we offer a course on the media in the political science department? |
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Definition
| The reason is because the way people are informed politically are done through media outlets. |
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Term
| What is the media's role in democracy? |
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Definition
| The Media enables us to fulfill basic democracy and values such as: Access to information, democratic deliberation, checks and balances, equality, tolerance, and maintenance of these values. |
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Term
| What are some other functions of the media? |
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Definition
| They interpret the world for us. They socialize us. They organize current affairs for us through selection (agenda setting) and framing. |
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Term
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Definition
| General attitude of public: the general attitude or feeling of the public concerning an issue, especially when this has an effect on political decision-making |
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Term
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Definition
| "Pictures in our heads", No direct experience, Interpretation & reporting function of the media is super important, Interpretation can go so far as shaping our experience. |
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Term
| "To argue about the media today is almost inevitable to argue about politics." What does Paul Starr mean by this? |
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Definition
| Starr argues that "conflicting views of the history of communications often reflect disagreements about democracy and its possibilities." |
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Term
| Whose writing has implications for democratic theory and practice? |
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Definition
| The writings by Lippman, Habermas, and Dewey all have implications for democratic theory and politics. |
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Term
| How do Lippman, Habermas, and Dewey's ideas help us with Democratic theory and the media? |
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Definition
| Lippman's, Haberman's, and Dewey's ideas all help us assess not only the quality of our democracy, but they offer a set of expectations we can use to assess how well the media are doing in fostering a healthy democracy. |
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Term
| What is Participatory Democracy? |
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Definition
| Individual participation by citizens in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, especially directly rather than through elected representatives. |
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Term
| What is Deliberative Democracy? |
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Definition
| Deliberative democracy, also sometimes called discursive democracy, is a term used by political theorists, e.g. Jon Elster or Jürgen Habermas, to refer to any system of political decisions based on some tradeoff of consensus decision making and representative democracy. In contrast to the traditional economics-based, rational choice theory of democracy, which emphasizes voting as the central institution in democracy, deliberative democracy theorists argue that legitimate lawmaking can only arise from the public deliberation of the citizenry. |
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Term
| Walter Lippmann's view on journalism |
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Definition
| A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how he constructs his reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the changes as "an organ of direct democracy" |
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Term
| Function of news according to Lippmann? |
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Definition
| For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make picture of reality on which men can act." |
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Term
| What was Lippmann suspicious to in regards to models of democracy? |
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Definition
| Lippmann was very suspicious of any model of democracy that placed faith and power in the hands of the public. |
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Term
| According to Lippmann, what shaped public opinion? |
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Definition
| Based on evidence about the effects of political propaganda and mass media to shape people's way of thinking. Lippmann contended that public opinion was shaped by leaders. |
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Term
| Walter Lippmann's view on journalism |
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Definition
| A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how he constructs his reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the changes as "an organ of direct democracy" |
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Term
| Function of news according to Lippmann? |
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Definition
| For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make picture of reality on which men can act." |
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Term
| What was Lippmann suspicious to in regards to models of democracy? |
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Definition
| Lippmann was very suspicious of any model of democracy that placed faith and power in the hands of the public. |
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Term
| According to Lippmann, what shaped public opinion? |
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Definition
| Based on evidence about the effects of political propaganda and mass media to shape people's way of thinking. Lippmann contended that public opinion was shaped by leaders. |
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Term
| Lippmann argued that ordinary citizens had no sense of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Lippmann, citizens ideas are manipulated how? |
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Definition
| Citizen's ideas are merely stereotypes manipulated at will by the people at the top. Hence deliberative democracy are an unworkable dogma or impossible dream. |
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Term
| According to Lippmann what is the most feasible alternative? |
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Definition
| In his view, the most feasible alternative would be a government where leaders are guided by experts whose objectives and disinterested knowledge go beyond the narrow views and the parochial self-interest of the average |
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Term
| Lippmann's view on Participatory Democracy? |
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Definition
| He argued that participatory democracy was unworkable and that the democratic public was a myth. Hence governance should be delegated exclusively to political representatives and their expert advisors. |
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Term
| What is the media's role? |
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Definition
| It is to flow information to the people. |
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Term
| According to Dewey, what did democracy involve? |
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Definition
| Democracy involves the expression of interests on the part of voters. |
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Term
| According to Dewey, what does the vote help? |
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Definition
| The vote helps to protect individuals from putative experts about where the interests of people lie. |
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Term
| What is the meaning of "public"? |
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Definition
| It is the opposite of private. "Public" is something that is open to all but also something that is good for all ie public beach. |
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Term
| Emergence of "public" with early finance and trade capitalism; |
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Definition
| The emergence of a bourgeois society and a new social order. (Rule of nobility replaced by the rule of a new class of citizens who had money). |
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Term
| Dewey, why was the new class able to be created? |
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Definition
| This new class in part made possible because of the sharing of news and information (Trade merchants needed good information) |
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Term
| Dewey, Economic activity took place outside of the private household |
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Definition
| became for public interest |
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Term
| Early newspaper and other publications served to provide surveillance of the courts, nobility |
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Definition
| To establish a "public authority" and forced rulers to confront "public opinion" |
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Term
| Habermas, What is the public sphere? |
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Definition
| The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that a discussion influence political action. |
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Term
| Habermas, Public Sphere detailed? |
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Definition
| It is a "discursive space in which individuals and groups congregate to discuss matters of mutual interest and, where possible, to reach a common judgment." |
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Term
| Habermas, How can the Public Sphere be seen as? |
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Definition
| The public sphere can be seen as "a theater in modern societies in which political participation is enacted through the medium of talk" and "a realm of social life in which public opinion can be formed". |
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Term
| What kind of press does a Habermasian public sphere require? |
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Definition
| The bourgeois public sphere. It may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claimed the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labor |
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Term
| What are the three actors that equal Market Response? |
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Definition
| The state, technology, and the audience |
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Term
| Williams and Carpini on Gatekeeping |
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Definition
| Gatekeeping process is largely invisible...(accepted)...as natural and unproblematic" |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.category of artistic works: one of the categories, based on form, style, or subject matter, into which artistic works of all kinds can be divided. |
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Term
| What were the early papers like? |
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Definition
| "up to the reader to sort through claims and counter claims" (p.24) |
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Term
| What happens when hegemony of elite news brokers are threatened? |
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Definition
| Whenever hegemony of elite news brokers are threatened, intense debates over the nature of news occur." (p.39) |
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Term
| What needs to be done in order to critique and study press? |
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Definition
| We need to standards we can use to evaluate what the media are doing. These standards do not appear out of thin air. They are deeply connected to our social, economic and political system. |
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Term
| New York Times provides us with? |
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Definition
| Facts, Balance, and Establishes relevance/signals importance of an event |
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Term
| The role of media in democracy are to help us fulfill basic values that are important in a democracy by: |
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Definition
Providing access to information
Enabling democratic deliberation
Contributing to checks and balances
Supporting equality and tolerance
Maintaining those values |
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Term
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Definition
| Competitive, analogous to market. Negative liberty. Media struggles for viewers (like pol. struggles for votes) (monopolies ok). Rational ignorance; leave politics to the "experts" |
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Term
| Deliberative or Discursive Democracy |
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Definition
| "Government by discussion" (deliberative vs. aggregate/majoritarian). Focus on the public good. No requirement of equality/constant participation (admirable; not realistic). Gov't legitimacy b/c political decisions are subjected to scrutiny by some. Thinkers: Mill, Dewey, Habermas. Many radical democrats also invoke the ideal of deliberation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Policy, power, ideology, and self-interest. |
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Term
| Entman distinguishes between... |
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Definition
| Traditional, advocacy, and tabloid journalism |
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Term
| How do people make political decisions? |
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Definition
| The role of affect and rationality. |
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Term
| Example of the role of affect and rational in making political decisions? |
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Definition
| Wanting to "be part of history" Part affect/part rational |
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Term
| Example of the role of rationality in making political decisions? |
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Definition
| Cultural issues (Issue voting). It is mostly rational. A person that would calculate and weigh all options carefully would be considered rational. |
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Term
| Example of the role of affect in making political decisions? |
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Definition
| "I just like the guy" (or "I hate the other one") "Go with the gut" |
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Term
| How does information translate into opinion? |
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Definition
| Research shows people do not hold sound opinions. It's rational not to be rational! Opinions must be of benefit somehow to those who hold them. |
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Term
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Definition
| People do not know that much. The news can help inform them. The medium matters. |
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Term
| Information processing in two theories? |
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Definition
| On-line model and Memory-based |
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Term
| According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, what are most citizens? |
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Definition
| Most citizens are generalists. |
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Term
| According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, what is the primary source of knowledge? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, what are some reasons of concern? |
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Definition
| Omission! Shorter sound bites; newspapers compete with TV. Now the concern is TV is competing with Twitter? More entertainment and less fact-orientated |
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Term
| According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, What should news organizations do? |
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Definition
| News Organizations should take seriously the role informing, even educating citizens. Information should be more understandable, more relevant, and more frequent and more interesting. Few news organizations actually try to find out what their customers learn from the news. |
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Term
| According to Delli Carpini and Keeter, We need more ______ _______ in the news |
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Definition
| Science Research. Currently, much of what the press focuses on and how it presents information is determined not by a judgment of what citizens need to know but rather by institutional needs, bureaucratic routines, and other forces. Should provide information that promotes action/participation. |
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Term
| Michael Schudson: What is the impact of the media on politics? |
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Definition
| Not a simple answer. Political institutions and the media are so deeply intertwined in a complex "dance with each other" |
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Term
| "The media do not define politics any more than political structures dictate news. |
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Definition
| Parties, electoral systems, structures of political financing, and the work of interest groups are involved just as much as the news media are in shaping, organizing and setting the agenda of public discussion about politics." There has been a shift of media influence in political life in the U.S." "mediatization of politics" |
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Term
| How come presidents are "Going public"? |
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Definition
| Technology has made politics more immediate. Parties has declined. Senators are policy entrepreneurs. And the government are more present in one's daily life. |
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Term
| Schudson, Homogenous Ideas |
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Definition
| Sweden is so small there are fewer opinions that are different. |
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Term
| Schudson, (A: Public Opinion) |
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Definition
| "All that is required is to convince a small number of key intellectuals or media people as opposed to who? |
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Term
| According to Schudson, _______ _________ _________ are often made in interaction with public opinion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cohen: The US media imposes |
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Definition
| A set of priorities and perspectives that are frequently different from the priorities and perspectives that would otherwise inform their [foreign-policy officials] judgment" |
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Term
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Definition
| People are exquisitely sensitive to contextual cues when they make decisions, formulate judgments, or express opinions." |
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Term
| What is a contextual cue that may profoundly influence decision outcomes? |
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Definition
| "The manner in which a choice is "framed" |
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Term
| Tankard, Hendrickson, Siberman, Bliss, and Ghanem (1991, p.3) have described a media frame as: |
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Definition
| "The central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subtle alterations in the statement or presentation of judgment and choice problems. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Framing? |
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Definition
| Changes in decision outcomes resulting from alterations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kahneman and Tversky Definition of rationality |
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Definition
| The definition of rationality has been much debated, but there is general agreement that rational choices should satisfy some elementary requirements of consistency and coherence. |
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Term
| What is often times found on the assumption of human reality according to Kahneman and Tversky |
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Definition
| Explanations and predictions of people's choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| The acts or options among which to choose. The possible outcomes or consequences of these acts, and the contingencies or conditional probabilities that relate outcomes to act. |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on individuals to illustrate a bigger issue
*depicts concrete events to illustrate a general issues
-Tells a story about a little thing as a way of telling a story about a bigger thing
*EX: news coverage of poverty: interviewing individuals in poverty |
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Term
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Definition
*news coverage is presented in a general view
*present political issues and events in a general context
-Interview experts to find out the trends
EX: news coverage of poverty: Focus on general trends, charts, graphs, experts |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of episodic frame? |
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Definition
-larger audience because people can connect to people better than statistics, more advertising, more $$$
-Impact on Issue: REDUCED because people are going to watch it and think Barbara should get her act together |
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Term
| What is the "Magic Bullet Theory" |
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Definition
| is a model of communications suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver. |
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Term
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Definition
| It supplies a weight to the evaluation. For example, The economy is on the agenda ---> you will evaluate how the president did given the economy (b/c you think it is important). |
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Term
| McCombs and Shaw suggested that media influence works like this: |
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Definition
1. Media provokes awareness
2. Provides a body of information
3. This information is the basis for people's attitude formation.
4. This attitude in turn shapes behavior. McCombs and Shaw argued that previous research found "minimal effects" since they failed to address 1, 2, 3 and 4. |
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Term
| What is the Chapel Hill Study? |
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Definition
| Small and simple study. Exploratory. |
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Term
| What was the objective of the Chapel Hill Study? |
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Definition
| To see whether there were any grounds for assuming an agenda-setting function for mass media |
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Term
| How was the Chapel Hill Study conducted? |
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Definition
| By comparing voters' beliefs about the presidential campaign with media content. |
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Term
| What was the method used in the Chapel Hill Study? |
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Definition
| A sample of voters in Chapel Hill told were and the researchers compared those to what the media reported the key issues were. |
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Term
| What were the findings in the Chapel Hill Study? |
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Definition
| Suggested that there was a .976 relationship between media content and what voters reported to be the key issues. |
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Term
| In the follow-up study to Chapel Hill, Charlotte, what was the research objectives? |
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Definition
| To refine the relationship between the variables. To increase understanding of information sources. Who were the most influenced by the media? Finally, when all the data was in what was the overall picture? |
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Term
| What were the finding to the Charlotte study? |
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Definition
| The importance that voters placed on certain issues in the presidential campaign was not related to their personal or partisan preference as much as it was a reflection of the salience given to issues by the media. |
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Term
| What are Delli Carpini and Keeter concerned with? |
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Definition
| Political Knowledge. Measurements, results, systematic inequality, suggestion to elevate knowledge (the media, the individual etc). Their central question is, How much knowledge is enough knowledge? |
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Term
| Citizens do not need to be experts but |
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Definition
| They need to know the "terms of the debate" |
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Term
| Schudson, What is the impact of the media on politics? |
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Definition
| Not a simple answer because Political institutions and the media are so deeply intertwined in a complex "dance with each other" |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of psychology concerned with developing a scientifically defensible model or view of human nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the sociological study of formal social organizations, such as businesses and bureaucracies, and their interrelationship with the environment in which they operate. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a perspective in sociology and in social psychology that considers most of everyday activity to be the acting out of socially defined categories (e.g., mother, manager, teacher). Each social role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behaviours that a person has to face and fulfill. The model is based on the observation that people behave in a predictable way, and that an individual’s behavior is context specific, based on social position and other factors. The theatre is a metaphor often used to describe role theory. |
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Term
| According to Schudson on the metaphor of gatekeeping |
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Definition
| The metaphor of gatekeeper "individualizes a bureaucratic phenomenon and transforms organizational bias into individual subjectivity." |
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Term
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Definition
| Small number of journalists have final say over story selection |
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Term
| What are the effects of gatekeeping? |
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Definition
| Distortion (crime). Neglect of social issue. Parochialism. Support for the establishment. Press output represents a small, unsystematic, and unrepresentative sample of the news. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perspective. Proper placement of events in time and historical context. Usefulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| "What is urgent is not the same as what is important" Journalists timing is often arbitrary. |
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Term
| Proper placement of events in time and historical context |
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Definition
| The press should help us place in events in time by pointing out: efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Journalism should matter because it is useful not just an account of random events happening that keeps people confused. |
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Term
| Fallows argues that there is ______ between the public and media |
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Definition
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Term
| Dewey vs. Lippmann. What is the debate between them as Fallows sees it? |
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Definition
| The argument between Lippmann and Dewey is the basic argument about roles of government and the press. |
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Term
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Definition
| The media takes a topic, they highlight those issues that they feel are important. They focus on when they want to focus on. It is set up by the language, particular words. Ex. Trickle Down Phrase |
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Term
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Definition
| is a result state in which a website algorithm selectively guesses what information a user would like to see based on information about the user (such as location, past click behaviour and search history) and, as a result, users become separated from information that disagrees with their viewpoints, effectively isolating them in their own cultural or ideological bubbles. Prime examples are Google's personalised search results and Facebook's personalised news stream. |
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Term
| Advantages and Disadvantages to Thematic Framing |
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Definition
smaller audience, less advertising, less $$$
•Impact on Issue: LARGER, the viewers actually do something about it because they see it as an issue that should be addressed by society or the government, more likely to call their councilman, or speak with people in their church
***when issues are presented with thematic frames, people tend to think society or government should take part in coming up with a solution |
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