Term
Woody Ornamentals
Chapter 16
the four categories of woody ornamentals are... |
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Definition
trees
shrubs
vines
groundcover |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
What should you consider when choosing a tree or shrub for a landscape? |
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Definition
1. size and shape of tree or shrub when it is mature
2. susceptibility to diseases
3. fruits that are large, messy, smelly
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
PA USDA Hardness Zones range from... |
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Definition
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
What type of tree should be planted on south side of house to shade in summer and provide warmth and light in winter? |
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Definition
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
Define a Coniferous tree. |
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Definition
| A conifer is a cone bearing plant |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
What is a semi-dwarf tree? |
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Definition
| Tree in which rootstock used in the grafting process will enable tree to reach between 10 and 16 feet. |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
Most trees have a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi.
T or F |
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Definition
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
Beech, Oak and Pine trees will not reach maturity with the absence of certain fungi. These trees are __________.
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Definition
mycorrhizal obligated.
Page 506 in manual |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
When planting a bare root tree how should the hole be prepared?
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Definition
1.There should be firm soil at the bottom pf the planting hole.
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
1. What does B & B stand for when talking about trees?
2. When preparing a hole for a B&B tree how wide should the hole be?
3. How deep should the tree be planted and what should the base be like? |
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Definition
1. Balled-and Burlapped Trees
2. The hole should be 1 to 2 feet wider then the root ball.
3. Planted as deep as the distance from the root flare to the bottom of the root ball. Bottom of hole should be firm to prevent the tree from sinking.
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
If a container shrub has a root mass that has grown in a tight compact circle around the soil ball what should you do prior to planting it in the ground? |
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Definition
| Cut the outer roots with a sharp knife to break up any circling roots. |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
When you prune a newly planted tree you should _________. |
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Definition
Remove:
1. suckers
2. damaged branches |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
Artillery fungi growth on mulch can be reduced by doing 3 things: |
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Definition
1. avoid high wood based mulch
2. mix wood mulch with compost
NOTE: see most artillery fungi on wood mulch that contains no bark |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
1. What is the recommended depth of organic mulch around trees or scrubs?
2. When you mulch around a tree you should keep the mulch how far away from the tree trunk?
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Definition
1. 2 to 3 inches
2. 6 inches |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
When should an early blooming clematis vine be pruned? |
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Definition
| Prune immediately after the clematis flowers. |
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Term
Woody Ornamentals
Name 3 are the positive aspects of planting groundcover. |
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Definition
1. Erosion control
2. unifies landscape design element
3. conserves soil moisture
Groundcover DOES NOT give the homeowner a maintenance free garden bed. |
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Term
Garden is 24 ft by 6 ft. Have 4 inch pots that need to be spaced 12 inches apart. How many pots are needed for this garden?
Step 1: length x width = ft 2: 24 x 6 = 144
Step 2: convert spacing from inches to feet: 12 inches = 1 foot
Step 3: spacing in feet x itself: 1 foot x 1 = 1
Step 4: divide garden are in square feet by square spacing:
144 / 1 = 144 pots of plants are needed for this garden
NOTE: SIZE OF POTS NOT IMPORTANT SPACING OF PLANTS IS WHAT MATTERS! |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
Plants with leaves and stems that die back to the ground each winter and then produce new shoots from the crown in the spring are called ______. |
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Definition
Herbaceous perennials
page 18 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Perennials that the top does not die back after experience a frost. Trees and shrubs are this type of perennial. |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What do angiosperms produce? |
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Definition
Angiosperm produce seeds inside a protective fruit.
All vegetables and flowering ornamental plants are angiosperm.
page 18 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What are gymnosperms? |
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Definition
Gymnosperm have seeds that are not enclosed within the fruit but are protected by a cone.
page 18 |
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Term
Basic Botany
A plant that produces vegetative and root growth in the first season and flowers and seeds the second in the second season prior to dying is a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
Plant Classification from
LEAST Inclusive to MOST inclusive?
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Definition
SPECIES
GENUS
FAMILY
ORDER
CLASS
DIVISION
Szallay Girls Favor Or Cherish Dogs
page 19 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Cornus florida 'Cherokee Chief' |
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Definition
Cornus - GENUS (1st letter of genus is capitalized)
florida - SPECIES (specific epithet is lower case)
Both word are either underlined or in italics
'Cherokee Chief' - CULTIVARS (written in modern language, NOT italicized, set in single quotation marks, 1st letter in each word capitalized)
Note: Cultivars do not occur in nature and must be maintained in cultivation.
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Term
Basic Botany
What are the functions of roots? |
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Definition
1. anchor plants in the soil
2. provides physical support for the stem
2. store food
page 21 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What is the part of the root that absorbs water and minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What are the 4 vegetative parts of a plant? |
|
Definition
1. leaves
2. roots
3. shoots
4. stems
page 21 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Where is the PHLOEM located in a mature oak tree? |
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Definition
The PHLOEM is located immediately under the bark of the tree.
note: can be also immediately under the external cover of the stem and is a component of the bark in mature stems.
page 23 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What is the tissue that moves materials from roots to shoots? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What tissue is the site of cell division and active growth in the stem? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
Plants that produce a single shoot from a seed like corn and grass is called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
Name 4 aboveground, modified stems. |
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Definition
1. crown
2. spur
3. stolon
4. runners
page 23 |
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Term
Basic Botany
A compressed fruiting branch is called a __________. |
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Definition
SPUR
A spur is short and stubby with side stems that arise from the main stem. A SPUR is common on fruit trees where they may bear fruit.
page 25 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What is a stem called that has a large PITH region. It usually lives 1 to 2 years.
A rose, grape. blackberry, raspberry are examples. |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What is an enlarged portion of a fleshy, underground stem bearing buds is called a _________. |
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Definition
tuber
example: eyes of a potato are nodes that produce buds
page 26 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What is the stalk that supports the leaf blade away from the stem? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What are the small openings on the underside of leaves? |
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Definition
STOMATA
note: The opening and closing of a stoma is determined by the weather.
page 28 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What type of venation do monocots exhibit? |
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Definition
parallel
Monocot: a plant having one seed leaf or cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves, and flower parts in multiples of three.
page 28 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Maple leaves have what type of venation?
Venation refers to the pattern in which the veins are distributed in the blade or leaf. |
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Definition
Palamate
page 29
leaf shape figures FIGURE 2-18
page 30
leaf apices and bases FIGURE 2-19
leaf margins FIGURE 2-20 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Most holly trees are DIOECIOUS. What does the term dioecious mean? |
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Definition
Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants.
page 32 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Which structure is found in the MALE DIOECIOUS plant? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What structure is found in a FEMALE DIOECIOUS plant? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
When a honeybee pollinates a PERFECT FLOWER, it transfers the pollen from the: |
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Definition
anther to the stigma
page 32 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Name three parts of the PISTIL (or female portion) of a flower:
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Definition
1. stigma
2. style
3. ovary
page 32
see FIGURE 2-23 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What is the name of the plant process by which plants use energy from light to produce energy?
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
The part of a seed that develops into the root of the new plant is called________. |
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Definition
radicle
The basal end of the embryo that extends downward into the soil to from the root system; the first part of a seedling to emerge.
page 39 |
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Term
Basic Botany
What is the process by which the plant converts sugar into CO2 (carbon dioxide), water and energy? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
Plants which form flowers only when the day length exceeds 12 hours is called _________? |
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Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
What color of light is best to start seedlings? |
|
Definition
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Term
Basic Botany
Plants produce maximum growth when exposed to day temperatures that are how many degrees higher than the night temperatures? |
|
Definition
10 - 15 degrees higher
page 43 |
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Term
Basic Botany
Water is responsible for: |
|
Definition
1. maintaining turgor ( cellular water pressure that is responsible for keeping cells firm and maintaining the plant's shape) pressure
2. transporting nutrients throughout the plant
3. dissolving minerals from the soil
4. provides pressure to move root through the soil
5. acts as a solvent for minerals moving into the plant and carbohydrates moving to their site of use or storage
pages 43-44
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Term
Teaching & Communication
Chapter 1
Barriers to learning for adults |
|
Definition
| Diminished hearing and/or vision |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
How is teaching children different from teaching adults? |
|
Definition
| Children have less life experiences on which to ground new knowledge. |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
In general students retain: |
|
Definition
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see AND hear
70% of what they say OR write
90% of what they do
page 3 |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
Name 3 reasons the presenter should repeat a question that an audience member has asked? |
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Definition
1. To ensure that the whole audience hears the question
2. To ensure the presenter understands the question
3. To give the presenter time to prepare the answer |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
The deepest learning experience comes from ________. |
|
Definition
| HANDS ON DEMONSTRATIONS and interactions |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
An important first step in preparing to write something for publication is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
Teaching & Communication
A mistake for any presenter may be is to__________. |
|
Definition
expect technology to be available.
page 9 |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
When practicing a presentation the presenter should do 2 things: |
|
Definition
1. practice key phrases
2. keep track of the time |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
When teaching adults how much time should be given before changing topics or teaching methods? |
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Definition
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Term
Teaching & Communication
Best reference sites on the internet for research end with what URL? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| When preparing a tri fold display for and exhibit do the following two things: |
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Definition
1. Entire display should be ONE topic
2. Story of the one topic should go from panel to panel |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
When using other people's creative or intellectual work in a presentation ACCORDING TO PSU: |
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Definition
| The presenter should get written permission. |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
Penn State is a Land-Grant institution
Morrill Act 1862 -
provide education for all (just not the wealthy) especially in areas of business, farming & trade. |
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Definition
Hatch Act 1887 -
Act assisted Land Grant Colleges to develop experiment stations to support researched based teaching.
Smith Lever Act 1914-
Charged Land Grant Colleges to create Cooperative Extension
Practical info available to the general public on the subjects of Agriculture and Home Economics
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Term
Teaching & Communication
PSU has 9 Departments in College of Ag. PSU faculty have Extension responsibilities to prepare Extension Educators
There are 4 Research and Extension Centers:
1.Agricultural Research Center & Ext. Center
2.Fruit Research & Ext. C. 3.Southeast Agricultural Research & Ext. C. 4. Grape - Lake Erie Regional Grape Research & Ext. C. |
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Definition
County Extension Offices:
1. Each of 67 counties as an extension presence
2. Ext Office may include educators, nutrition advisors, family living support, 4-H, Forestry, Water Quality advisors and MG. |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
Erie County has a paid MG Coordinator.
PD by us through fund raisers/out of our budget. Role of this coordinator is to : 1. provide info 2. listen to the needs of the MG group 3. organize and communicate info
Mary Beth McCarthy
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Definition
Speech/Article:
Beginning - Tell audience what they're going to hear (objectives)
Middle - Give info; facts, figures, guided practice, personal antidotes
End- Tell audience what they heard, restate objectives, summarize key points, answer ?s |
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Term
Teaching & Communication
One on One Communication:
1.listen carefully 2. Ask a lot of ?s
3. Don't underestimate OR overestimate a person's knowledge 4. Never be afraid to say "I don't know" 5. Give answers in understandable terms |
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Definition
5 minute Presentation
1. Create a title, intro, body 3 to 5 facts tops, summary
2. leave time for ?s
repeat question
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Term
Plant Diseases
Chapter 8
What are the factors in the susceptibility of plant diseases? |
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Definition
1. Pathogen abundance and aggressiveness of the "thing" that's causing the disease
2. Host plant vigor and genetic susceptibility
3. Environmental conditions (weather, soil, density of plant, location of the disease on the plant)
page 184
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Term
Plant Diseases
What are biotic diseases?
examples....name 3 |
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Definition
Living pathogens that reproduce and spread from plant to plant and grows
examples: rusts, nematodes (round worms), viruses
page 185 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What are entry points for bacteria
(Bacteria are single cells surrounded by a cell wall. Bacteria lacks a true nucleus) |
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Definition
1. Mechanical injuries and wounds made by insect feeding
2. Enter through natural openings (the stomata, hydathodes, lenticel, nectaries)
page 186
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Term
Plant Diseases
How are viral diseases transferred from plant to plant? Name 6 |
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Definition
1. vegetation propagation
2. mites, nematodes, thrips, whiteflies, leafhopper, aphids
3. hand & tools
4. seeds
5. pollen
6. certain root infecting fungi
page 188 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What are the symptoms of anthracnose? |
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Definition
Dead areas on leaves, usually along leaf margins and veins.
page 188 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Elongated areas of dead bark caused by FUNGUS, often resulting in the girdling of a branch or tree in a single season is most likely a ___________. |
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Definition
diffused canker ( diffused cankers have little or no callus growth and it often kills the tree)
page 190 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is damping off?
Name 3 conditions that favor damping off?
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Definition
Damping off is the rotting seeds in the soil and the destructions of newly emerged seedlings by fungi.
1. Low soil temps
2. High soil temps
3. Excessive soil moisture AND overcrowded seedbeds
page 191 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is an abiotic disorder?
What are 3 causal agents?
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Definition
Abiotic order is caused by NONLIVING entities that do not grow, reproduce or spread from plant to plant.
3 Causal Agents:
1. Air pollution
2. Extremes in soil moisture level
3. Pesticide Toxicity
page 193
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Term
Plant Diseases
What nutrients are required in relatively LARGE amounts for plant growth? |
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Definition
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfer (S)
page 195 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Mobile elements move from older to younger tissue WITHIN a plant, immobile elements DO NOT.
Mobile elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium.
A nitrogen deficiency (a mobile element) results in chlorosis (yellowing of a leaf caused by lack of chlorophyll) of older leaves. |
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Definition
Immobile elements include calcium, iron and magnesium.
A deficiency of immobile elements results in chlorosis in new growth.
page 195 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What are the facultative parasites (those that do not have to be parasites in order to live) most likely to attack stressed plants? |
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Definition
FUNGI - is the living organisms most often involved in attacking stressed plants.
The plant is not vigorous or conditions are not optimal for the plant to react to the attack. In the landscape diseases related to environmental stress are most common in those encountered.
page 197 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is closed season ? |
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Definition
A period in the greenhouse or field when no host plants are present.
page 199 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is "dry fallow"? |
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Definition
Dry fallow involves soil tillage to prevent weed growth and keep the upper layers of the soil dry.
page 199 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is closed season and dry fallow effective against? |
|
Definition
Obligate parasites (a fungus or living organism that obtains nutrients only from living plant tissue e.g. rust, powdery mildew, and downy mildew)
and
nematodes (microscopic, parasitic round warm found living in soil, water, or plant tissue; many nematodes can be disease pathogens or vectors, while others are beneficial parasites of insect pests. page 199 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Examples of plant rotations to reduce the threat of pathogens being passed from crop to crop... |
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Definition
Tomatoes followed by
corn or
beans or
lettuce
page 199 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Sanitation is a cultural method of disease control and includes: |
|
Definition
1. Roging (removing the infected plants entirely)
2. Burning plant debris
page 199 |
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Term
A disease does not readily infect resistant plants unless factors are favorable
page 200 |
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Definition
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Term
Plant Diseases
Cultural practices that decrease the risk of disease includes: |
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Definition
1. Weed control and plant spacing to increase air circulation
2. Crop rotation
3. Irrigation method to decrease duration of leaf wetness
page 200 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is phytotoxicity? |
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Definition
Application of chemicals to plants to control diseases and harmful insects that unintendedly damage the treated plants.
page 202 |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is a symptom? |
|
Definition
An indication from a plant that a disease is occurring
(ex: my cucumber is wilting but I don't know why) |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is a sign? |
|
Definition
A visible part of the pathogen causing the disease
(ex: can see the plant disease) |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What are internal symptoms? |
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Definition
| You have to cut open the plant or branch to see it. |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What are external symptoms? |
|
Definition
One that you can see right away when you pick up the plant
(ex: a black spot on a plant) |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is a primary symptom? |
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Definition
| Caused directly by the pathogen or disease-causing agent. |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
What is a secondary symptom?
|
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Definition
| Develops at some distance from where disease is active. |
|
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is a localized symptom? |
|
Definition
It covers a small area of the plant.
(Ex: a leaf spot) |
|
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is a systemic symptom? |
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Definition
A larger part of the plant is involved
(ex: wilting) |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Define blight |
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Definition
Rapid killing of tissue, usually leaves.
Tissue turns brown or black. |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Define callus? |
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Definition
Heavy growth of tissue over some type of a wound.
(ex: When you remove a branch from a tree, the wood grows over to close up the wound.) |
|
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Term
Plant Diseases
Define canker? |
|
Definition
Dead area or roughened area of woody tissue such as trunks or branches. Cankers can be sunken or discolored. The plant can try repeatedly to callous over a fungus canker, resulting a raised area.
A slightly sunken canker on smooth wood can show a slight color difference or a cracking where the canker meets live wood. You may be able to find signs of the fungus that caused the canker. |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Define chlorosis |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Plant Diseases
Define damping off |
|
Definition
| death of seedlings or of cuttings |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Define decline |
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Definition
| A slowing of growth and gradual death of the plant. |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define dieback |
|
Definition
| Often part of decline. Branches dying, usually a few at a time. |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define gall |
|
Definition
| A large overgrowth of tissue |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define marginal leaf burn |
|
Definition
| The edge or tip of a leaf is killed |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define mildew |
|
Definition
Really a sign rather than a symptom.
A fungus growing on the surface of the plant. |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define mosaic or mottling |
|
Definition
| Uneven coloration of the leaf or fruit. Most are caused by virus |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define necrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define ringspot |
|
Definition
| Line patterns or etches on leaves. Often caused by viruses. |
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|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define rosette |
|
Definition
| The internodes of a plant that don't elongate properly. Leaves are close together, often close to the ground. |
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|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define russetting |
|
Definition
| Bronzing or browning, usually on fruit. May be rough-textured. |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define rust |
|
Definition
A fungus. Many cause a rusty-brown coloration.
(Really a sign rather than a symptom) |
|
|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define water soaking |
|
Definition
| A term describing a spot that appears to be wet or greasy. |
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|
Term
Plant Diseases
Define witches broom |
|
Definition
| The proliferation of branches that occurs when buds are killed and new ones develop to replace them. |
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|
Term
Plant Diagnosis
8 Steps to Diagnosis:
1. Identify the plant...What is normal for the plant?
2. Define the problem
3. Collect as much information as possible...Ask Questions!
4. Look for Signs and Symptoms Look For Patterns...top or bottom, one species or several species, whole plant or one side of plant, don't forget to check the stems and underside of leaves |
|
Definition
5. Identify key pest and diseases of the plant
6. Use keys and references to determine the problem...Contact the Plant Disease and Insect Lab at PSU (Specimen Information Form)
7. Evaluate the Damage...Can it be tolerated or is it endangering the health of the plant?
8. Decide on a Solution...Can the problem be solved with cultural change? Are beneficial insects present? |
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|
Term
If you need to use pesticide:
1. Use the least toxic pesticide that will do the job
2. Target only the area affected
3. Spray only at the proper time for the pest
4. Follow label directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Diagnosis
Sure- Fire Rules of Diagnosis
1. nothing is sure fire
2. perspective is valuable
3. most problems are not pest-related
4. know your plants
5. keep an open mind
6. avoid the easy answer
7. TAKE YOUR TIME |
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Definition
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|
Term
Basic of Entomology
Chapter 7
Hierarchical Classifications...starting at the most inclusive
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Kind David Came Over For Good Spaghetti Sauce)
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What PHYLUM do insects, spiders, crayfish, centipedes, millipedes belong to?
(segmented bodies, paired appendages, jointed legs & exoskeletons)
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What CLASS does butterflies, bees, crickets, mosquitos & house flies
(Three distinct body regions
& three pairs of legs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What CLASS do spiders, mites and ticks belong to?
(jointed legs)
page 150 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What is the PHYLUM of snails and slugs?
(NO segments or jointed, paired legs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What ORDER do bees, ants, wasps and sawflies belong to?
page 152 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Define characteristic of ALL INSECTA .
Name 4 |
|
Definition
1. 3 body parts
2. 3 pairs of JOINTED legs
3. 1 pair of antennae
4. 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings |
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|
Term
Basics of Entomology
All insects have three body regions.
Name them... |
|
Definition
Head
Abdomen
Thorax
page 153 |
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|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Insects possessing HAUSTELLATE mouthparts ingest food in a _________
form.
page 155 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Insects possessing MANDIBULATE mouth parts ingest food in a _______ form.
page 155 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Insects breath through _________.
page 157 |
|
Definition
spiracles
Insect respiratory system resembles a tapering system of ducts that open externally through spiracles. Air passively enters the insect through spiracles on the thorax and abdomen. |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
*Insects that undergo simple or INCOMPLETE metamorphosis do not have a __(1)_____ stage and develop __(2)____ externally.
*Name the three stages of INCOMPLETE metamorphosis. |
|
Definition
(1) pupal stage
(2) wings
3 stages: eggs, nymphs, adult
|
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Name 2 insects that go through incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)
page 159 |
|
Definition
dragonflies
mayflies
damselfies
stoneflies
|
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Name the 4 stages of complete metamorphosis.
page 160 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
In what stage of complete metamorphosis does the insect develop antenna and wings?
Name 4 insects that undergo complete metamorphosis.
page 160 |
|
Definition
PUPA
Japanese Beetles, Butterflies, Moths, Wasps, Bees, Ants, Sawflies |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Growing Degree Days (GDD) is a calculation used to predict when insects' life stages will appear and the duration of time the stages will remain active. It is based on actual minimum and maximum daily _______.
page 161 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
The keystone of any effective insect management plan is _________________.
page 162 |
|
Definition
accurate insect identification |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
How do cabbage worms, gypsy months and Japanese beetles damage plants?
page 170 |
|
Definition
by chewing the tissue/leaf |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What are galls? (Oak is the host to 60 % of all gall making insect)
Approximately how many insects produce galls on plants?
page 171 |
|
Definition
*Galls are areas of distorted growth that usually form on plant leaves or twigs
*more than 2000 insects (gall formed as the result of insect injury, the plant cells produce abnormal growth as the response to a particular insect's egg-laying or feeding activity...many times the plant's growth forms an enclosure around the insect, which then feeds inside the gall. |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Most insect injuries to plants are the result of ___________.
page 170 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
The ultimate goal of IPM is to_____________.
page 174 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Name three reasons why weed control is an important part of IPM.
page 176 |
|
Definition
1. provide cover for insect pests
2. compete for light, moisture, and nutrients, thus stressing desired plants.
3. contribute to pest build-up |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Name 8 ways to manage insect pests through cultural practices.
page 174-175 |
|
Definition
soil preparation
rotating crops
interplanting
watering
timed planting
sanitation
controlling weeds
mulching
|
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Name 4 ways to control insect pests through mechanical control
pages 176-177 |
|
Definition
hand picking
traps
barriers or exclusion (cheesecloth, net coverings)
monitoring insect population |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
Explain biological controls that can be used to manage insect pests
pages 178-180 |
|
Definition
classical biological control - introducing beneficial insects (vedalia beetle to
control cottony cushion scale)
augmentative biocontrol - purchasing and releasing additional predators or parasitoids (lady beetles)
conservation biocontrol - native population of predators and parasitoids is conserved in the garden
natural control - the activity of parasitoids and predators feeding on their preferred prey "the balance of nature" |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What is the most important and effective practice in IPM (Integrated Pest Management) is _______and ________.
page 177 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
What is insecticidal soap?
page 181 |
|
Definition
commercial formulations of potassium salts of fatty acids
Insecticidal soaps are used on soft bodied insects and should be applied when the insect is in the immature life cycle, or crawler is active. |
|
|
Term
Basics of Entomology
How do insects benefit humans?
Name 9
page 173 |
|
Definition
commercial products
food for wildlife
human food source
insect control
medical research
pollination
soil amendment
waste decomposition
weed control
|
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Chapter 4
Mineral soils are those containing less than _____% (by weight) organic matter.
page 81
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Organic soils are those have _____% or more organic matter.
page 81 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
In PA what three rocks serve as parent material and are the primary source of minerals in the soil. Name them.
page 81 |
|
Definition
sandstone
limestone
shale |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Different sized mineral particles constitute soil texture. The different size particles, from smallest to largest are ______.
page 83 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Name three things LABILE material does.
page 87 |
|
Definition
Fuels the soil fuel web
Decomposes readily by microbes
Decomposes rapidly in the presence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What type of organic material is the slowest to decompose?
page 87 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
An excess of nitrogen can result in the following three things:
page 89 |
|
Definition
Succulent growth
Dark green foliage
few blossoms and fruit
spindly and/or brittle growth |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Symptoms of iron deficiency are indicated by:
page 90 |
|
Definition
Interveinal chlorosis primarily on young tissue |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What is soil pH?
page 93 |
|
Definition
Measure of hydrogen ion forming activity |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
A pH of 7.8 indicates that:
page ___ |
|
Definition
Some elements are concentrated at toxic levels (aluminum and manganese) |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
A soil test shows your garden has a pH of 7.8. What would you add to adjust the pH to a level of 6.2 to 6.8?
Page 94 |
|
Definition
Aluminum sulfate or elemental sulfur |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
To raise a low pH, add appropriate amount of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
N - P - K is shorthand for (N )-( P2- O5)- (K2O). Name the three fertilizer components that make up N - P - K. |
|
Definition
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Grade Ratio
10-10-10 1-1-1
5-10-5 1-2-1
12-4-8 3-1-2
0-25-25 0-1-1 |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Give an example of an incomplete fertilizer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What does the acronym "WIN" stand for?
"WIN on a fertilizer label indicates that the nitrogen form is ________. |
|
Definition
WIN - Water Insoluble Nitrogen
Slow release |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
A complete fertilizer includes ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What is a disadvantage to a slow release fertilizer?
page 97 |
|
Definition
High Unit Cost ....more expensive than other types of fertilizers. |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What is the typical nutrient ratio of composted manure?
page 99 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Nitrogen burning is caused by __________.
page 102 |
|
Definition
salts drawing from moisture from roots |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Name 3 significant contributions of potassium to plants:
Page 103
|
|
Definition
Cold Hardiness
Disease resistance
General durability
|
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What is the best season of the year to complete a soil test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What is the procedure for collecting a soil sample from a vegetable garden?
|
|
Definition
You should collect soil samples from 10 random areas. |
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
In a standard PSU soil test, the sample will be analyzed for _______. |
|
Definition
Soil pH
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium levels
|
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Which soil amendment would work best to alleviate a compaction problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
Which soil component is altered by heavy soil compaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil Health & Fertilizer Management
What is green manure?
|
|
Definition
Cover crop grown over the winter |
|
|
Term
Composting
According to the National Composting Council, how much compostable material does the average US household produce annually?
page 112
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composting
In heavy soil, added compost will: |
|
Definition
| Loosen bonds between clay particles to allow for easier movement of water and roots. |
|
|
Term
Composting
In sandy soils, added compost will:
page 112 |
|
Definition
bind sand particles together, thereby improving water holding and aeration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composting
Name 4 insects that are decomposers. |
|
Definition
Millipedes, sowbugs, slugs, snails, various worms, insect larvae |
|
|
Term
Composting
Microbes need carbon (C) for energy and nitrogen (N) for growth. What is the optimal C:N ratio for composting? |
|
Definition
30:1
30 part carbon to 1 part nitrogen |
|
|
Term
Composting
For home composter, organic matter for composting falls into two categories. What are they?
page 114 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composting
Name 4 items that make the organic matter that make up "green" compost.
page 114 |
|
Definition
fresh grass
weeds
manure
kitchen residual |
|
|
Term
Composting
Name 6 items that make up brown organic matter |
|
Definition
fallen leaves, straw, wood chips, dead plant material, paper and cardboard |
|
|
Term
Composting
Anaerobic microbes create compost by:
page 115 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composting
Define ANAEROBIC composting |
|
Definition
Composting occurring without oxygen. |
|
|
Term
Composting
The desirable compost pile temperature for killing weed seeds and efficiently producing compost is _______ degrees Fahrenheit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composting
Microbes only break down moist materials. What is the best guideline for maintaining a desirable moisture level in a compost pile? |
|
Definition
Water as necessary to maintain a compost pile that is as damp as a wrung-out sponge.
If several drops are produced when squeezed it is wet enough |
|
|
Term
Composting
Is there minimum dimensions needed to achieve heat in a compost pile ? Yes or No
Minimum size of the compost pile is _____. |
|
Definition
YES
minimum is 3ft x 3ft x 3ft |
|
|
Term
Composting
Composter microbes work best in an environment that is __________ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composting
A reason for a rotten smelling compost pile is ________. |
|
Definition
Anaerobic conditions in the pile.
The composting pile lacks enough air due to excess moisture or compaction |
|
|
Term
Composting
An ammonia order in the composting pile can be corrected by adding _________.
Page 123 |
|
Definition
"browns" to the pile
Turn the composting pile and mix carbon (BROWNS) such as dry leaves, sawdust or shredded paper to the pile |
|
|
Term
Composting
Vermicomposting results in a product that is best used as a/an _____.
page 124 |
|
Definition
fertilizer.
Vericomposting uses worms, generally nonnative red wigglers. The results: compost (worm casting) can be used as fertilizer to turn non- fatty kitchen scraps into black earthy smelling nutrient rich humus.
|
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
Chapter 6
What does IPM stand for?
|
|
Definition
Integrated Pest Management |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
Name 3 "pest" that IPM addresses:
page 127 |
|
Definition
Insects
Fungi
Various vertebrates (ex: predators that prey on livestock) |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
IPM is about _____ ______.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)
SYNTETHETIC pecticides top the IPM pyramid. This location on the pyramid indicates that SYNTETHETIC pecitcides are: |
|
Definition
chemical and MORE toxic,
riskier,
and higher cost
than cultural or mechanical IPM practices. |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)
BIORATIONAL pesticides are also a chemical and just below the SYNTHETIC pesticides. Name 6 examples of BIORATIONAL pesticides:
|
|
Definition
soaps, oils
baking soda, repellents,
microbials (relating to or characteristic of a microorganism, especially causing disease or fermentation),
insect growth regulators (IGR) (is a substance (chemical) that inhibits the life cycle of an insect. ex: insecticides used to control cockroaches or fleas) |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)
name 4 interventions on the Biological spectrum of the IPM pyramid: |
|
Definition
1. predators
2. parasites
3. nematodes (ex: roundworm, threadworm)
4. plant pathogens (infectious organisms) |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)
name 7 interventions on the PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL spectrum of the IPM pyramid: |
|
Definition
1. pruning
2. weeding
3. mulching
4. traps
5. barriers
6. flaming
7. prescribed mowing
|
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
IPM PYAMID (page 128 Fig. 6-1)
name 5 interventions on the Cultural spectrum of the IPM pyramid: |
|
Definition
1. site & plant selection
2. crop rotation
3. tillage
4. sanitation
5. cultivation
|
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
When evaluating and reporting results
(IPM STEP 5)
is it important to realize that:
|
|
Definition
Some controls may damage the target plants
|
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
Pesticides are a tool to manage OR control pest populations to a LEVEL OF TOLERANCE
page 132 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
A pesticide is a substance intended to: |
|
Definition
Attract
Repel
Kill
Control
or otherwise regulate the GROWTH or FUNCTION of an organism.
page 132 |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
It is not required that homeowners be certified to use general-use pesticides, BUT: |
|
Definition
under the law the homeowner is liable for misuse of the pesticides on their property.
page 132 |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
90% (our presentation handout say 97%) of all pesticides comes from ________ exposure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
Acute toxicity is expressed as:
page 137 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
LD50 figures are found on the product's Safety Data Sheet available when you buy the pesticide or on the internet. What does a LD50 value indicate?
page 137 |
|
Definition
The lower the LD50 value of the pesticide, the less product it takes to kill 50% of the test population ....The SMALLER the number (mg/kg), the GREATER the toxicity.
LC50 = lethal concentrate 50 values |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
A pesticide with an LD50 value that falls between a trace amount and 50 mg/kg requires what a Signal Words to be printed on the label?
page 138 |
|
Definition
Danger, Poison, Peligro (in RED text) with a graphic of a skull & crossbones
|
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
The pesticide that causes IRREVERSIBLE SKIN (DERMAL) or EYE DAMAGE has what signal word printed on it?
page 138 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
A pesticide determined to be moderately toxic is required to have what signal words on the label?
page 138 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
DANGER, POISON, & PELIGRO
IN RED TEXT AND A GRAPHIC OF A
SKULL & CROSSBONES
PAGE 138 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
DANGER & Peligro
page 138 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
WARNING & Aviso
page 138 |
|
Definition
acute oral value from 50 to 500 mg/kg |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
CAUTION
page 138 |
|
Definition
acute oral values great than 500 mg |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
What is the proper procedure for disposing pesticides?
page 141 |
|
Definition
Follow the label directions |
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
Pesticides break down slowly in aquifers (water - saturated zone)
and
in the water table because of the lack of:
page 144 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controlling Pests Safely ~ IPM
Study RONDO Herbicide Label Worksheet
and
Pages 135-136 in text ~ THE PESTICIDE LABEL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
*BRAND NAME
*TYPE OF FORMULATION
*INGREDIENT STATEMENT
*COMMON NAME & CHEMICAL NAME
*NET CONTENTS *NAME & ADDRESS OF MANUFACTURER *REGISTRATION NUMBER *ESTABLISHMENT NUMBER
*PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT
*ENVIROMENTAL HAZARDS
|
|
Definition
*PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL HAZARDS
*STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT (or first aid)
*DIRECTION FOR USE
*APPLICATION TO HARVEST PERIOD *MISUSE STATEMENT *STORAGE & DISPOSAL DIRECTION
*SIGNAL WORD AND SYMBOL |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Chapter 19
Perennial weeds that live for more than 2 years and grow year after year from the same root system incudes ______ AND _____. (NAME 5 PLANTS)
page 611 |
|
Definition
dandelion
pokeweed
canada thistle
bermuda grass
nutsedge |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name 4 biennials weeds.
page 611 |
|
Definition
garlic mustard
mullein
Queen Anne's Lace
bull thistle |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name three things weeds can do:
page 610-611 |
|
Definition
1. Indicate unsuitable growing conditions for desired plants
2. Affect yield and quality of agricultural products
3. Harbor pest |
|
|
Term
Weeds
The quantity of dormant seeds in the soil change from year to year. What is this collection of seeds called?
page 612 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Weeds
An exotic species whose introduction causes economic or environmental harm to human life is the federal gov't definition of ________.
page 613 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name the 13 plants that are on the PA noxious weed list.
page 612 |
|
Definition
Purple loosestrife kudzu
Johnson-grass sorghum
Canada, musk & bull thistles
jimsonweed maryuana
goatsrue multi floral rose
mile-a-minute vine
giant hogweed
|
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name an example of a biological method of seed/weed control.
page 614 |
|
Definition
The use of natural predators and pathogens |
|
|
Term
Weeds
A hoe works best when weather conditions are ______, ______ and __________.
page 615
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name 1 thing that tilling does not do.
Name 3 things tilling does do.
page 616 |
|
Definition
does not do - it quickly starves perennial roots to death after initial contact
does do - 1. destroy young annual weeds.
2. was used extensively before herbicides were introduced
3. includes digging, cultivating, rototilling, plowing |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name 1 thing portable propane flamers do not do.
Name 3 thing portable propane flamers do.
page 617 |
|
Definition
Don't Do - eliminate perennial weeds
Do - 1. Cause plant cells to rupture
2. Cause weeds to wilt
3. the flame has a similar effect that vinegar and contact chemicals do |
|
|
Term
Weeds
When using herbicides it is important to ___________.
page 617 |
|
Definition
have separate sprayers for each herbicide |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Guideline for pre-emergent herbicides includes:
page 619 |
|
Definition
water after the application |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Post-emergence broadleaf herbicides are best applied _______.
page 619 |
|
Definition
when daily temperatures are between 65 and 85 degrees. |
|
|
Term
Weeds
In controlling perennial grasses such as quackgrass and nimbleweed it is best to ____________.
page 620 |
|
Definition
Spot treat with glyphosate |
|
|
Term
Weeds
The product PREEN can contain 3 different herbicides. Name them:
page 621 |
|
Definition
1. Trifluralin
2. Glypgosate
3. 2,4-D |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Name 3 things that BOTH glyphosate and triclopyr can do:
page 622 |
|
Definition
1. both can control perennial and woody weeds
2. both have systematic post-emergent activity
3. Both can be applied to "cut surfaces"
They CANNOT control grasses and sedge weeds
|
|
|
Term
Weeds
A neighbor asks your advice about the best way to eradicate weeds that are growing in driveway cracks. NAME THREE THINGS YOU TELL YOUR NEIGHBOR SHE CAN DO.
page 622 |
|
Definition
1. boiling water
2. hand weeding
3. 5% acetic acid (vinegar) |
|
|
Term
Weeds
What is the purple-flowered, square stemmed weed that tolerates close mowing?
page 627 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Weeds
What is the grass-like weed with yellowish-green foliage and a three-sided stem that grows in lawns and moist areas?
page 633 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Weeds
What is the ten foot tall plant with bamboo-like stems that grows near streams and spreads aggressively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Chapter 20
Name the US president ho issued the Presidential Executive Order which define invasive species as "alien species who introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human life." page 642 |
|
Definition
President William Clinton |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Name 6 things the terms
nonnative, invasive, alien species,
exotics,
refers to:
page 642
|
|
Definition
vertebrates
invertebrates
plants
viral, bacterial or fungal life forms |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
What % of species introduced into the US each year becomes invasive?
page 644 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Why is the Tree-of-Heaven and the Canada thistle difficult to eradicate?
page 648 |
|
Definition
Both plants have a widespread root system |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
A change in the pattern of erosion an sedimentation caused by invasives is called what?
page 649 |
|
Definition
geomorphic process
Example: Japanese stiltgrass and phragmites can fill in wetlands due to their low decomposition rate. |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Tree-of-Heaven, garlic mustard, and Japanese knotweed releases allelopathic compounds which modify the surrounding soil. What do allelopathic compounds do?
page 650
|
|
Definition
Allelphathic compounds enhance the survivability and reproductive success of the plant. |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
The inoculation of a pathogen into the stems of the tree-of-heaven to kill targeted tree stand is part of which category of IVM control?
page 652 |
|
Definition
Chemical
(uses herbicides alone or in combination with mechanical control method) |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
A grass that matures early in the season and then dies out completely has a competitive advantage in fire prone areas. One such grass is ______.
page 654 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Which invasive plant poses a threat to :
bloodroot, wild ginger, hepatica, spring beauty, dutchman's breeches, toothworts, trilliums?
pages 655-656 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Which invasive maple tree oozes a milky sap from the petriole of its leaves?
page 660 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Which invasive tree is easily mistaken for a sumac,
ash,
pecan or
black walnut?
page 661 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
What vine, a favorite for fall decorations due to its orange and red berries, is an invasive that was introduced to the U.S. in the 1800's?
page 664 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
There are 13 species on PA's regulatory list of noxious weeds. This listing specifically prohibits which 2 activities?
page 665 |
|
Definition
1. transport and sales
2. propagation
|
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Name 2 weeds that appear on PA noxious weed list?
page 667, 669 |
|
Definition
1. multiflora rose
2. purple loosestrife |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
What noxious weed, intended for use as a forage crop, was found to produce a poisonous alkaloid making it deadly to certain livestock?
page 667 |
|
Definition
Goatsrue
Forage crop definition: specifically to be grazed by livestock or conserved as hay or silage |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
What noxious weed was promoted by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to control erosion and to act as a living fence for livestock?
page 669 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
While walking through the woods, you notice cottony white masses on a conifer. These masses are caused by what?
page 671 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Name 3 facts about thebrown marmorated stink bug.
page 673 |
|
Definition
1. Was first sighted in the US in 1996
2. Is an agricultural pest (a nuisance pest disfigures fruit such as apple and peaches and feeds on ornamental and food plants)
3. Lays light green egg clusters under leaves |
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
What Asian import is destructive in both its larval and adult stages, feeds on more that 300 different host plants, and drives more that $460 million in management costs?
page 675 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Invasive Species
Name 3 facts about Boxwood blight:
page 676 |
|
Definition
1. immediately lethal to young boxwood plants
2. The blight is suppressed but not eliminated by fungicides
3. is an invasive fungus from Europe in 2010 |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Chapter 11
Define turfgrass |
|
Definition
1. Fine textured grass
2. forms uniform and persistent population of plants
3. tolerates traffic and low mower height (usually 3 inches or lower)
|
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Grasses in PA can be categorized into two groups. They are _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
cool season grasses
warm season grasses |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Name the only warm season grass that will grow in the southernmost portion of PA.
page 312 |
|
Definition
Zoysiagrass -
Makes it's maximum growth during hot weather and is dormant during late fall, winter and early spring.
Appeal of this turf grass is that it has optional growth during periods of highest temperature |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Name 5 attributes Kentucky bluegrass has:
home lawns, institutional grounds, parks, athletic fields
|
|
Definition
1. Tolerant of cold, wear, and moderate heat
2. Superior recuperative potential
3. medium to fine leaf texture
4. produces extensive rhizomes
5. cool-season turf grass
Grows best in well-drained soils and open, sunny areas
COOL-SEASON GRASS
|
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Name 5 attributes of Perennial Ryegrass:
home lawns, parks, grounds, golf courses, athletic fields
COOL-SEASON GRASS |
|
Definition
1. Has bunch-type growth habits-DOES NOT form rhizomes..this makes recuperative potential less strong then Kentucky Bluegrass
2. sunny, well drained soil with high fertility
3.Germinates rapidly and establishes quickly
4. Withstands low temps BUT NOT ice
5. used extensively for overseeding thin or damaged turf |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Name 2 attributes of Fine Fescues turf grass:
home lawns, grounds, parks Not typically used for sports turfs |
|
Definition
1. Tolerates shade, droughty soils, low PH, low fertility
2. narrow leafed species
Most common turf-type fescues include: creeping red fescue, Chewing's fescue, hard fescue, sheep fescue (least used)
COOL SEASON GRASS
|
|
|
Term
All grass seed sold in PA is required to be labeled with the following:
1. commonly accepted name of the turfgrass species or species & variety
2. listed in order of predominance, when present in excess of 5% by weight of the contents of the container
3. Percentage by weight of pure seed of each species
4. Percentage by weight of weed seed |
|
Definition
5. Germination percentage
6. Percentage by weight or inert material
refer to pages 318-319 |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
The ideal time to seed a lawn is: |
|
Definition
Late summer or early fall
Seed within a week or two in the following PA areas:
Northern Tier and High Altitude : 8/15 - 10/1
Southeastern PA: 9/1 - 10/10
Other areas in PA: 8/25-10/1
|
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Dates to seed in spring if absolutely necessary: |
|
Definition
Northern tier and high altitude: 5/20
Southeastern PA: 4/15
All other areas: 5/7 |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
When laying sod observe the following practices: |
|
Definition
1. Water to the depth of 4 to 6 inches
2. Stagger the strips so that the joints between the pieces do not coincide (like bricks)
3. Keep soil beneath the sod layer consistently moist for 2 to 3 weeks
DO NOT ROLL SOD |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
The most important management practice to improve turfgrass quality is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A turf-type fertilizer should contain a minimum of ______% nitrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
A good rule of thumb to follow when irrigating turfgrass is to water: |
|
Definition
just as plants begin to wilt |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Over-fertilization, improper pH, and bad mowing practices can lead to : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Soil compaction is best corrected by aerating: |
|
Definition
when the grass is growing vigorously.
With cool-season grass in spring or fall because in the summer many grasses are semi-dormant condition.. |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Mechanical aeration: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Name three facts about gray snow mold: |
|
Definition
1. Brown sclerotia are embedded in the crowns and leaves of infected plants
2. Usually found along sidewalks or driveways where there is the greatest snow accumulation
3. Generally occurs in late winter or early spring |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Summer annual grass weeds, such as crab grass, are usually controlled with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
The primary root feeders in turfgrass in PA are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Insect pests of turfgrasses can be grouped in 2 categories.
They are:
|
|
Definition
1. root feeders
2. leaf and stem feeders |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
The most common leaf feeders in turfgrass in PA are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
When is Tall Fescue used and why? |
|
Definition
Used because it is a persistent and durable plant with a coarse or medium leaf texture (bunch like and germinates quickly). Likes sunny areas, moderately shade tolerant, cool season grass
Used in utility areas, high medians, airstrips, fairgrounds |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Where is Bentgrass used and why is it not a lawn grass? |
|
Definition
Used on gold course greens and fairways.
Optimal growth in spring and fall.
Very susceptible to injury from a number of herbicides, making weed control difficult.
Also highly susceptible to diseases and insects.
|
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Define what a mix of grasses? |
|
Definition
A mix is a combination of two or more grasses of a different species.
Example: Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
Define what a blend of grasses is. |
|
Definition
A blend of grasses is a combination of two or more cultivars of grasses within the same species.
Example: Arrowhead and Avid Kentucky Bluegrass. |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
IMPORTANT:
When establishing a COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS LAWN, use at least two or three cultivars of a species whether using a BLEND or a MIX. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
NO MOW Grass attributes:
1. established in 1994
2. alternative to a traditional lawn
3. Best suited to north climates with an annual rainfall of 25 inches or more.
4. Grows well in both sun and shade.
5. Grows well in soils with low nutrient level. |
|
Definition
6. Blend of fescues that grows to form a dense sod that minimizes weed growth.
7. Once established, it requires little watering or fertilizing and needs to be mowed only once or twice a year. |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
What are the common causes of lawn establishment failure? |
|
Definition
1. poor quality of seed or sod
2. improper selection of turfgrass species or varieties.
3. unsuitable soil conditions & inadequate site preparation.
5. lack of moisture during the seedling establishment.
6. wrong time of year to favor seedling growth. |
|
|
Term
Lawn Care
In addition to aesthetic appeal, turfgrass functions to: |
|
Definition
provide better footing and cushioning. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
Chapter 17
Define a perennial: |
|
Definition
A plant that has leaves, stems and flowers that die back to the ground each fall. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
What is the advantage of growing perennials in your flower gardens? |
|
Definition
The plants persist year after year. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
Define the stages of a flowering annual: |
|
Definition
Annuals grow, flower and produce seed in a single growing season.
|
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
What do biennial plants do: |
|
Definition
A biennial plant grows foliage the first year, then blooms, seeds and dies the next (2nd) year. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
When laying out a garden that is not accessible from all sides, it is advisable to _________. |
|
Definition
Provide a pathway of stepping stones or mulch through the garden. |
|
|
Term
Name three things the gardener should consider when selecting plants for a PERENNIAL border. |
|
Definition
1. Sun Exposure
2. USDA Hardiness Rating
3. Bloom Times |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
Name 3 reasons composting is the gold standard for mulching perennial beds. |
|
Definition
1. Conserves moisture in the soil
2. Contributes nutrients and microorganisms
3. suppresses weed growth without inhibiting the perennial. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
Debudding is the removal of: |
|
Definition
side buds to produce large terminal buds. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
What is deadheading? |
|
Definition
Deadheading is the removal of spent flowers to maintain vigorous growth. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
When is the best time too stake plants? |
|
Definition
When the plant is about 1/3 of its anticipated mature size. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
When should a gardener divide perennial plants? |
|
Definition
The perennial should be divided in the spring (unless it is a spring bulb). The perennial has reduced flower production due to overcrowding and it is beginning to die in the center. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
When storing summer flowering bulbs over winter the gardener should: |
|
Definition
keep the bulbs in a cool (not below freezing), dry place. |
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
While working on a perennial border in late may you notice the leaves of the Russian sage have dark spots that are coalescing to create a blotchy appearance on the leaves. This damage is caused by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
The leaves on an impatiens are yellow and starting to drop. Other leaves on the plant have yellow spots on the upper surface. On their undersides, there is a fuzzy white growth. These are symptom of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Herbaceous Plants
Your peony leaves are covered with a white, dusty substance. Some of the leaves are twisted and distorted. What is the disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Chapter 9
When purchasing an indoor plant, be sure your plant has:
_________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Light INTENSITY influences 4 things.
Name them. |
|
Definition
stem length
leaf color
manufacture of food
flowering
|
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Many tropical plants are damaged when temperatures drop BELOW _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
What is the most essential factor affects houseplant growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Rank the following light exposures from most intense to least intense: |
|
Definition
South
East and West (60% of southern exposure)
North (20% of southern exposure) |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Plants require darkness for proper development.
What is the minimum amount of darkness needed daily ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
The color of light necessary for photosynthesis are:
_____ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
The process by which plant tissue adjust from a high light environment to a lower light environment is called _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
What indoor plant develops white or yellow ringspots on its leaves as a result of cold water dripping on the follage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
What is the ideal temperature range for growing most indoor plants? |
|
Definition
70-80 degrees during the day
and 60-68 degrees at night |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
In growing indoor plants the NIGHT temperature should be ____ - ____ below the daytime temperature. |
|
Definition
10 - 20 degrees BELOW the daytime temperature |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
The most common problem associated with high salt level is _____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
When fertilizing indoor plants, it is best to fertilize __________ between
____ and ____. |
|
Definition
every 2 weeks
between March and September |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
1. Leach before fertilizing
2. Remove any crusted salt on soil surface before leaching
3. Leach every 4 to 6 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Name 3 advantages
and
1 disadvantage for using artificial medium for potted plants. |
|
Definition
Advantages
1. sterility
2.Uniformity
3. Weight
Disadvantage
1. cost
|
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
COIR is derived from _____? |
|
Definition
coconut husk - a reddish brown fiber |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Pinching is the ___________. |
|
Definition
removal of one inch or less of new stem and leaf growth. |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
What is the cause of black sooty mold on a weeping from? |
|
Definition
| It is the accumulation of honeydew (excrements) which leaves the plant shiny or sticky and can be the medium for black sooty mold. |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Name 3 signs of mite infection |
|
Definition
1. twisted or puckering leaves
2. stippling (yellow specks) of foliage
3.webbing |
|
|
Term
Indoor Plants
Armored scales and soft scales share the following 3 traits . |
|
Definition
1. piercing sucking mouth parts
2. produce a waxy shell over their bodies after finding a feeding spot
3. Both have mobile nymphs or crawlers |
|
|
Term
Native Plants
Chapter 18
Garden Phlox is a native plant in PA. A native plant is defined as a plant that has evolved in a given space over a sufficient period of time that allows the plant to develop complex and essential relationships with the physical environment and other organisms in a given ecological community. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
Name 3 benefits of gardening with native plants. |
|
Definition
1. Protects wildlife habitat
2. Creates a sense of place
3. maintains and conserves plant biodiversity |
|
|
Term
Native Plants
Review plants that grow in the following plant communities:
~Dry Meadow - Grasses, Legumes, Flowers of the daisy family
~Mixed coniferous forest - Pines, Ferns, sugar & red maples, yellow birch, white ash, red oaks, beech
|
|
Definition
~Mixed deciduous forest - Black Cherry, Eastern Red Bud, maples, oaks, sweet gum, mountain ash, flowering dogwood
~ Wetland - Winterberry Holly, some rhododendrons, highbush blueberry, Virginia bluebells, cardinal flowers, swamp milkweed, Joe Pie
|
|
|
Term
~Serpentine barrens - moss phlox, rock sandwort, fameflower, serpentine aster, whorled milkweed, dry land snakeroot
~Limestone barrens - cliff green
~Shale barrens
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
The mixed deciduous woodland is made up of 5 layers
LOWEST to HIGHEST LEVEL:
root zone, ground layer, shrub layer, understory, canopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
What is the disadvantage of using the commercial wildflower seed mixture? |
|
Definition
Contain large % of annuals,
not necessarily native to a specific to a specific region,
seeds may not adapt to local conditions. |
|
|
Term
Native Plants
What is the state flower of PA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
Name several plants that provide nectar for hummingbird. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
Difference in plant hardiness due to regional adaptions are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
Acquire native plants from:
~seeds from seed catalogue
~ reputable nurseries
NOT the wild |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Native Plants
If left alone a meadow will undergo succession and become a
FOREST |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pH is a measure of hydrogen (acid-forming) ion activity of soil or growth media
Acidity or alkalinity in terms of pH value on scale of 14.
7.0 neutral
below 7.0 is acid range of the scale
above 7.0 is the alkaline range |
|
Definition
The measurement scale is not linear but logarithmic. That is, the soil with a pH of 8.5 is 10 times more alkaline than a soil with a pH of 7.5, and a soil with a pH of 4.5 is 10 times more acid than a soil with a pH of 5.5
page 93 |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Chapter 14
The ideal soil pH range for blueberry bushes is:
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
The best material for lowering soil pH in a blueberry planting in the fall is: |
|
Definition
Iron Sulfate
You would NOT use Aluminum Sulfate because it is toxic to blueberries. |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
After planting blueberry bushes, mulch them with 4 inches of what? |
|
Definition
rotted sawdust and/or hardwood bark mulch |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Pruning blueberry bushes accomplishes 3 things. Name them. |
|
Definition
1. control crop load
2. increase fruit quality
3. increase plant hardiness |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Blueberry bushes are best prune in what month of the year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
The small white larvae occasionally found in the fruit of midseason and late-season blueberry cultivators are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Brambles have perennial roots with shoots that are ______. |
|
Definition
biennial
~first season is bramble is dormant
~second season bramble branches out, flowers, fruits and dies |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Which type of bramble is grown in a "hill system"? |
|
Definition
the black raspberry
The black raspberry initiates new canes from the crown of the plant rather than from root suckers ....each black raspberry plant grows independently. |
|
|
Term
For maximum shelf life, raspberries should be harvested at what time of the day? |
|
Definition
in the morning, after the dew has dried |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
The red-necked cane borer causes what type of damage to brambles? |
|
Definition
1. a 1/4 to 3 inch swelling of the cane
2. the red-necked cane borer also splits the bark into the sapwood of the current year's growth |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Name 3 symptoms of anthracnose which is a common diseases of brambles |
|
Definition
1. Reduction of fruit size and quality
2. reddish-purple spots on young canes
2. dry, seedy fruit. |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Name 3 things that will prevent viral diseases on raspberries: |
|
Definition
1. purchase stock that has been obtained through meristem tip cuttings
2.removing wild brambles growing in the area
3. selecting cultivars resistant to specific viruses |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Grape cuttings native to PA can be propagated by ______. |
|
Definition
dormant cane cuttings.
There are 8 different grape species that are native to PA |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Name two site issues that should be followed when planting grape vines. |
|
Definition
1. In rows running north to south (for better sun exposure)
2. on a well drained on the top of a hill or slope for good drainage. |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Horizontal extensions from the main trunk of a grape vine that are usually trained along a trellis wire a called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When space is limited, an effective training system for grape vines is ________. |
|
Definition
Umbrella Kniffin system
4 or 5 canes from trunk bearing 50 to 60 buds |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
In the eastern US, ______ is one of the most serious diseases affecting grape vines, potentially infecting all green parts of the plant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
Name when day-neutral (sometimes called everbearers) strawberries produce fruit. |
|
Definition
fruits throughout the growing season:
1. peaks in June
2. small crop mid-summer
3. large crop in late August through frost |
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
What pest feeds on the seeds and fruit tissues at the tip of the strawberry, resulting in an injury known as "button berry". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Fruit
What is the strawberry disease is caused by bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Chapter 12
Lateral branches growing from the central leader or trunk are called________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
What can you use to sterilize pruning tools? |
|
Definition
hydrogen peroxide solution
10% Clorox solution
70% alcohol solution |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Topping or rounding over trees results in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Growing points along the stem of a woody plant which is not directly connected to the plant's vascular system are called
____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
The hormone found in the terminal bud of plants that suppresses lateral growth is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Removing a branch at its point of origin on the trunk or from a large branch is called ____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
When making a reduction cut, a branch is cut back to a lateral branch that is |
|
Definition
| is at least 1/2 to 1/3 the diameter of the branch being removed |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
After planting a new tree, when should corrective pruning begin? |
|
Definition
| during the dormant season of the second year |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
When developing a branch structure of a tree it is best to keep the lateral branches that have angles of |
|
Definition
| between 60 and 70 degrees |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
The best management practice for handling co-dominant branches is to |
|
Definition
| subordinate one of the co-dominant branches |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
When pruning deciduous shrubs, removal of all stems to within 1 to 2 inches above ground level is called_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
When removing branches over 1 1/2 inches in diameter use the______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
The best time to prune most evergreens, with the exception of pines is in what season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Junipers are best pruned by ____ |
|
Definition
thinning branches to a lateral branch |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Pines can be pruned by removing one-half to two-thirds of the candle-like terminal growth and side laterals in what 2 months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Prune wisteria by ______ |
|
Definition
| pruning back stems to three or four buds each year. |
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
The recommended shape for pruning formal hedges is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
What is the primary tool for cutting woody stems that are less than 1 inch in diameter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
Which type of hydrangea blooms on old wood and is pruned after it flowers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pruning Ornamental Plants
You have a 20 foot lilac on your property that has been neglected for many years and no longer flowers. What is the best method for pruning this plant? |
|
Definition
| Rejuvenate the plant by cutting it to the ground in early spring |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
Chapter 3
Name the 3 plant parts that are used in asexual propagation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
Hybrid plants are ____? |
|
Definition
| More productive than open-pollinated varieties. |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
When storing seed, it is important to keep the seed in a _____ and _____ place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
The process of breaking, scratching, or softening the seed coat so that water can enter and initiate germinations is called ________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
Seed starting media should not be allowed to do what once germination begins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
What is the process used to break dormancy that involves placing seeds in a container with moist perlite and refrigerating it for 10 to 12 weeks? |
|
Definition
Stratification
(mimics winter dormancy) |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
Medium size seeds are best sown _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
When should you transplant seedlings to cell packs or other containers and how should you hold the seedling when transplanting? |
|
Definition
Hold by the leaves NOT the stem and transplant when the first true leaves appear. |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
How should your harden plants (ie move from indoors to outdoors over a period of 2 weeks) |
|
Definition
1. lower the air/soil temperature
2. decrease relative humidity
3. give less water |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
What are stems taken in the fall or early winter when plants are dormant called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
When are root cuttings usually taken from 2 or 3 year-old plants? |
|
Definition
| during the dormant season (late winter/early spring) when they have a large carbohydrate supply |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
What is the method of plant propagation that involves bending an attached stem of a parent plant to the ground nd covering part of it with soil to encourage rooting called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
What is the procedure called in which the entire basal plate of a true bulb is removed in order to encourage the formation of offsets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
Crocus and gladiolus are propagated from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
How are dahlias best propagated? |
|
Definition
by cutting the crown of the tuberous root into pieces so that each contains a shoot bud |
|
|
Term
Plant Propagation
Define scion and how is it involved in grafting. |
|
Definition
The scion is the cultivar or top growth of a shoot or young tree (usually a seedling).
The scion is the shoot with dormant buds that is grafted onto a rootstock. |
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Term
Plant Propagation
What 4 conditions are necessary for a successful graft? |
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Definition
1. the scion and rootstock must be compatible
2. the cambial layers of the scion and rootstock must meet.
3. the graft union must remain moist until the wound has healed.
4. the scion and the rootstock must each be at a proper physiological stage
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Term
Plant Propagation
When is ship or tongue grafting uses? |
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Definition
| for plant material that is 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Fern spores that are clustered in small dots or stripes on the undersurfaces of the frond are called ___? |
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Definition
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Term
Plant Propagation
Orchids and other plants that are difficult to propagate are commonly grown by commercial growers through ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| This set of study cards, totally 390, were created from tests given to Penn State Master Gardener Trainees during the Basic Training Session from October 2017 through March 2018. The information was extracted from the book entitled Penn State Extension Master Gardener Manual copyrighted by The Pennsylvania State University 2016 and is available for purchase through extension.psu.edu or email kfl2@psu.edu; Tel 814-863-0471. |
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Definition
Penn State Extension Master Gardeners are volunteers that strive to promote sustainable horticultural practices and environmental stewardship in Pennsylvania communities
WVRS ~ March 2018 ~ the end :)
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