Term
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Definition
Classification based on similarities, close genetic relationships, those that can closely interbreed are species.
Classification based on genetic similarities is called natural, those based on flower color, habitat, growth patterns is artificial.
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Term
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Definition
| Meristem is part of the root, located at the tip, and is the site of cell division. Meristem can also be located in tree cambium |
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Term
Botany
Define Monocots and Dicots |
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Definition
Monocots have vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) that are scattered through the cells
Dicots have a continuous vascular system like rings
Important in herbicide use |
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Term
Botany
Environmental Factors Affecting Growth
Light |
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Definition
Blue light best for growing plants
Light duration is the amount of time a plant is exposed to sunlight
Effect of daylight on a plant development is "photoperiodism"
Short day plants are long-night plants (chrysanthemums, pointsettia)
Long day plants are short night (initiate flowers only after long periods of daylight - summer blooming
Day neutral-bloom regardless of day length (petunias) |
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Term
Botany
Environmental Factors affecting growth
What is Thermoperiod |
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Definition
| Plant growth is also affected by temperature, with maximum growth when daily temperatures are 10-15 degrees higher than night time temperatures. Thermoperiod refers to the daily temperature change. |
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Term
Botany
Environmental Factors affecting growth
What is Tropism |
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Definition
Growth or turning movement of a plant to a light source (heliotropic for sunflowers)
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Term
Botany
Environmental Factors affecting growth
What is photoperiod |
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Definition
| Effect of day length on the growth of a plant |
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Term
|
Definition
Genus and species
Genus is first, and first letter is capitalized; species is second and lower case, and both are either italized or underlined
A variety is indicated by a third name, preceded by var.
Cultivars do not occur in nature, are written in single quote marks, and each word is capitalized or 'cv. is inserted before the name and single quotes are deleted |
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Term
Botany
Plant Development and Growth
Define Transpiration |
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Definition
Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
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Term
Botany
Plant Growth and Development
Define Photosynthesis |
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Definition
| The plants way of making food: converting energy in sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from tthe soil with chorophyll into sugar/carbohydrates |
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Term
Botany
Plant Growth and Development
Define Respiration |
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Definition
| In respiration, plants (and animals) convert the sugars (photosynthates) back into energy for growth and other life processes (metabolic processes). The chemical equation for respiration shows that the photosynthates are combined with oxygen releasing energy, carbon dioxide, and water. |
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Term
|
Definition
Both are woody perennials
shoots are young stems with leaves
Twifg is a stem one year old or less without leaves
Woody stem contains large amounts of xylem tissue in its sentral core
Brnach is a stem over one year old with lateral stems
A trunk is a main stem of a woody plant. Most trees have trunks
Trees usually have one major stem, but can have multiple trunks
Tree height usually over 12 feet
A shrub with several main stems
Shrub height usually less than 12 feet |
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Term
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Definition
Angiosperms - flowering plants, seeds develop in fruits
Gymnosperms - conifers
Filicinae - ferns |
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Term
Botany
Types of plant by life span |
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Definition
Annual - grows, blooms, sets seed (reporduces) and dies in one year
Perennial - live for many hyears, producing seeds each year; herbaceous if the foliage dies back to the ground each year, woody if tops persist (shrubs)
Biennial - produce vegetative structures the first year, then produce flowers seeds, the second year.
Bolting is the rapid elongation of the flower stalk after which the plant dies |
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Term
Botany
What is a lenticel? |
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Definition
Lenticel: A pore in the stem that allows gases to pass between the outside atmosphere and the interior of the plant
[image]
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Term
Botany
What is the classification of plants? |
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Definition
Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Species, Sub-Species
(King David Came Over For Good Spaghetti Sauce) |
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Term
Communication and Teaching Methods
Advertising and Publicity |
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Definition
| Very useful and many oppportunities to include garden tours, sponsor activities, feature articles |
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Term
Communication and Teaching Methods
Exhibits and Displays |
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Definition
Educational
Choose on idea that can be explained simply
Choose materials suited to the subject
Keep it clear and simple |
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Term
Communication and Teaching Methods
Preparation |
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Definition
Allow time for preparation -usually 3x as long to prepare as to actually present
Plan to make changes or variations to teaching methods every 15 minutes to keep their attention
Tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them the information, then tell them what you told them! |
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Term
Communication and Teaching Methods
Radio and Television |
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Definition
Reaches more people
Plan material to keep it to 30 seconds to 3 minutes
Main points made and repeated
Provide means for obtaining additional information
Outline a script to keep you on track
Rehearse |
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Term
Communication and Teaching Methods
Teaching methods and techniques |
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Definition
Involving the learners who retain:
10% of what they read
20% of that they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they see and hear
70% of what they say or write
90% of what they do
Know the level of the audience and adjust, adults diffferent needs, attention, abilites, priorities than youth.
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Term
Communication and Teaching Methods
What is an effective presentation |
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Definition
Educate the public
Presentations have title, introduction, body and summary
Require preparation to be successful
Always represent Extension policies when giving advice
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Term
|
Definition
| natural process of decomposition of organic material |
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Term
|
Definition
environmental value
soil building value |
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Term
Extension
Allowable volunteer activities? |
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Definition
Volunteer educational programs, speaking, help to design, answer questions regarding hortiulture, pests...
NOTE: when making recommendations about pesticides and fertilizers, MGs follow current Cooperative Extension recommendations and, if not covered, must refer question to qualifies extension agent. |
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Term
Extension
Describe Penn State's Cooperative Extension |
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Definition
| Within PSU Dept of Ag, there are academic and administrative units. Master gardener program led by a state coordinator, with county level coordinators. COoperative Extension and Outreach includes the Master Gardener program and the youth component, 4H |
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Term
Extension
Highlights of the Master Gardener Program |
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Definition
Began in Seattle in 1972
Pennsylvania looked at it in 1980, committee investigated feasibility in 1981 and first Penn State Master Gardeners completed their training in 1982. Currently all but 3 or 4 counties have the Extension and there are over 3100 MGs |
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Term
Extension
Master Gardener Volunteer Requirements to start and ongoing |
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Definition
30 hours of instruction+80% pass on the final+50 hours service to become MG
To retain certification, additiona 10 hours instruction + 20 hours volunteer |
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Term
Extension
What is the ultimate goal of Extension?
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Definition
| Education of the individual/personal development |
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Term
Extension
what created the cooperative Extnsion |
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Definition
Part of the tradition of Land-grant system and cooperative education that became extension, established 1862 with Morrill Act, and expanded in 1890 to incude more southern schools.
Schools needed more support for research and field stations, ehich was created by the Hatch act of 1887. In 1914, the smith Lever Act created Cooperative Extension and gave institutions the the responsibililty for education in community. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st year of growth . Many brambles are perennial roots with biennial shoots. |
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Term
Herbaceous Ornamentals
Best time to propagate perennial and why |
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Definition
| dormant season, early fall - higher carb content and has time to settle in. can be done in early spring before sets leaves. |
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Term
Herbaceous Ornamentals
What are factor of good design |
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Definition
Clumps, drifts, masses of similar plants
Mix annuals and Perennials |
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Term
Herbaceous Ornamentals
What is a tender perennial or biennial |
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Definition
| One that will not survive our winter climate and must be dug up and stored indoors for the winter. |
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Term
Herbaceous Ornamentals
What is deadheading and why? |
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Definition
| Removing spent blossoms to keep attractive appearance, encourage longer or re bloom, promotes growth in general |
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Term
Herbaceous Ornamentals
when do you stake herbaceous plants |
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Definition
| Stake 6-12 inches shorter than plant |
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Term
Integrated Pest management
Components |
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Definition
Promote plant health
Monitor garden and landscape
ID of plant pests
Determine threshold of tolerance |
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Term
Integrated Pest management
Define |
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Definition
| Aims to control pests while minimizing damage to plant and environmental hazard |
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Term
Integrated Pest management
Pest control options |
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Definition
Cultural (crop rotation, tilling)
Mechanical (hand destruction of pests, row covers, barriers)
Bio - pests that control or bio chemical (Bt)
Genetic - choosing plants that are bred to resist or companion planting
Home remedies - illegal to use any concoction of unregistered products. Can be unsafe, too. |
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Term
Integrated Pest management
why are pesticides harmful to humans |
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Definition
| Vapors can be breathed in (higher temperatures mean more vaporization, residue can be harmful to ingest, so re-entry period is very important. Chemical drift can affect plants and humans |
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Term
Native Plants
PA State Flower |
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Definition
| Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) |
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Term
Native Plants
What is Provenance |
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Definition
| The differences in plant hardiness due to regional adaptations is called Provenance. |
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Term
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Definition
Adapted to the area
wildlife and insects are compatible,
improved biodiversity, reduced water and chemical use |
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Term
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Definition
| Indigenous to a certain area |
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Term
Pesticide
Storage and disposal |
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Definition
| Rinse with water 3 times including spray mechanism, wrap in newspaper and secure before disposal. |
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Term
Pesticides
Calibrating sprayers and spray patterns |
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Definition
| Too easy to make a mistake mixing table spoons or teaspoons of chemical. Instead calibrate the sprayer. Once done it is set unless nozzle changes and is kept clean |
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Term
Pesticides
Calibrating sprayers and spray patterns
Key elements to home calibrate |
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Definition
Fully pressurize the container and determine delivery time (spray into a pint jar. Mark the delivery time on the sprayer
calculate area to be treated
Divide into sections if needed
Spray with water and measure area |
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Term
Pesticides
Groundwater contamination |
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Definition
Contaminants can be leached to the soil
Difficult to purify or clean groundwater once it is contaminated |
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Term
Pesticides
Groundwater contamination
How help to prevent |
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Definition
Leave buffer zone
Consider springs and other areas
Transport safely
store properly
Mix carefully
Recycle water into next application
Make careful calculations |
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Term
Pesticides
Home garden versus commercial |
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Definition
| Still toxic, but packaged specifically for smaller quantities |
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Term
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Definition
| By law through EPA and PA Dept of Ag |
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Term
Pesticides
Name some types and what the targets are |
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Definition
Type of pesticide Target pest group
Herbicides Plant
Algicides or Algaecides Algae
Avicides Birds
Bactericides Bacteria
Fungicides Fungi and Oomycetes
Insecticides Insects
Miticides or Acaricides Mites
Molluscicides Snails
Nematicides Nematodes
Rodenticides Rodents
Virucides Viruses
Fumigants - kill when inhaled
Translocated - move from point of initial application to circulate |
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Term
Pesticides
Pesticide formulations |
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Definition
Granules
Bait
flowables
emulsions
solutions |
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Term
Pesticides
Reading the label
What are the signal words (list from most toxic to least) |
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Definition
Danger/Poison
Danger (used by itself it means it can cause eye damage or skin irritation)
Warning
Caution |
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Term
Pesticides
Safety precautions
Description of toxicity |
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Definition
| LD 50 is lethal dose 50 which means that 50% of the test animal population died . The higher the LD number, the less toxic the material |
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Term
Pesticides
Terms used to describe for to use/apply pesticides |
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Definition
| band, Broadcast, dip, directed, drench, foliar, in furrow, sidedress, spot |
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Term
Pesticides
Terms used to describe when to apply pesticides are |
|
Definition
Pre emergent - before plants emerge from soil
Pre plant - before planting
Post emergent - after plant emerge from the soil |
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Term
Pesticides
Used to control a pest to what level |
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Definition
| to the level of tolerance |
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Term
Pesticides
What are sdjuvants |
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Definition
| An adjuvant is broadly defined as any nonpesticide material added to a pesticide product or pesticide spray mixture to enhance the pesticide’s performance and/or the physical properties of the spray mixture. This fact sheet details the different types of adjuvants and explains their efficient use. |
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Term
Pesticides
What are surfatcants |
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Definition
| Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. |
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Term
Pesticides
What is it called when you combine chemicals (safely) to increase performance |
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Definition
| Compatibility and synergy |
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Term
Pesticides and IPM
What is an herbicide? When is it used? |
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Definition
Herbicide is a pesticide that targets foliage or seedlings. Pre emergent is for seeds or growth just below the soil
post emergence for eaves once they are up
Selective herbicides kills targeted species
Non-selective kills everything
Contact herbicide kills plant tissue where it touches and doesn't translocate withing the plant
Translocated herbicide moves through the plant |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Biotic disease
Symptoms and causes |
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Definition
Leaf spots, mold, blights, rusts
can be fungal growths, obligate parasites
Galls caused by wounds from insects feeding
Cankers caused by living or damage |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Factors that influence disease |
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Definition
Pathogen
Host plant
Environment
Timing
all four interact with each other (Disease triangle) |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Good practice |
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Definition
| Evaluate the plant and cultural, physical, mechanical changes first before chemical |
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Term
Plant Diseases
How disease affects plant health |
|
Definition
Can inhibit photosynthsis (leaf spots, powdery mildew, anthracnoses, blights)
Roots and root tips cannot absorb nutrients (browning, blackening, limpness, plus leaf scorching, slow growth, leaf wilt)
Water transport disrupted producing leaf tip and margin burns, cankers, galls, girdling
Inability to store food in roots (perennials)
Diversion of food fromm plant to pathogen growth
Plant reproduction limited due to blights, and abiotic diseases
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Term
Plant Diseases
Recognizing symptoms |
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Definition
A symptom is a characteristic of a plant that is diseased, and is recognized by comparing it to what the plant should look like and to other, healthy plants
External symptoms can be viewed
Internal - you must cut open the plant |
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Term
Plant Diseases
Two types of disease:
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Definition
Biotic (living) - fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, mycoplasmas and spiroplasms, vascular plants that parasitize other plants (mistletoe, Indian pipes)
Abiotic (noninfectious) - common when plants are grown outside their normal environment - excessive moisture , poor soil aeration, insufficent moisture, over fertilization or excessive salts, nutrient imbalances, excessive temperaturues or light conditions, air pollution |
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Term
Plant Diseases
What conditions favor damping off |
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Definition
Conditions that favor damping off:
excessive soil moisture/excessive misting
low soil temperatures before germination (below 68F)
high soil temperature after emergence (77F)
overcrowded flats or seedbeds
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Term
Plant Diseases
What is damping off |
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Definition
| Damping off is the rotting of seeds in the soil and destruction of newly emerged seedlings by fungi |
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Term
Plant Pathology
How do bacteria and fungus enter a plant? |
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Definition
| Through air, stomates, nectaries, brought by insects, into any wounds |
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Term
Plant Pathology
Turfgrass and pathogens? |
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Definition
| If turfgrass is cut too short or too frequently than the leaf mass won't be enough to provide the properties needed |
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Term
Plant Pathology
What damage can wind do? |
|
Definition
dessicate the plant, burn the leaves
damage tender shoots |
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Term
Plant Pathology
Why is a plant "bred" |
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Definition
| RTo resist virus, disease and to get better bloom or foliage if that is what is valued on the plant/ Resistance does not mean that plant won't get the disease. |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Asexual - name 4 major types and define |
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Definition
Cuttings - a piece of the plant; layering - a piece of the parent layered to root then severed,
budding and grafting - join two plant parts from different varieties |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Asexual involves what techniques? |
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Definition
| leaf cuttings, stem cutting,s root division, tissue, tip, eye, bud (grafting) layering |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Best time to do root divisions and cuttings |
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Definition
| In the late season when the carbohydrates are stored and new plant has time to generate. |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Describe layering terms |
|
Definition
Air Layering
Tip Layering - plant tip in ground and it will grow down, then reverse itself
Simple Layering - Bend the stem to the ground and cover/weight that bit of stem so that it touches the soil
Bark Grafting - only used on large limbs, put a piece of the scion cut the scion and the bark, insert, nail, cover with wax |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Describe some grafting techniques and terms |
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Definition
| Scion - the section of the plant that grower desires above ground, has photosynthetic properties and the fruit or decorative properties. It is the graft onto the rootstock |
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Term
Plant Propagation
How minimize risk to seeds and seedlings when getting started? |
|
Definition
Use a sterile, soiless mix. never use garden soil unless it is sterilized.
Do not plant in too wet or too cool (optimum temp for germination depends but ~65-75F) and environment, do not overcrowd. |
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Term
Plant Propagation
Name the types of grafting |
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Definition
| cleft, bark, whip or tongue. Also budding (bud grafting) bud with small piece of scion (useful when scion stock is limited) |
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|
Term
Plant Propagation
What are some techniques? |
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Definition
| Leaf cuttings, grafting, root divisions, tissue culture, layering |
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|
Term
Plant Propagation
When do you get true seed |
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Definition
| Open pollinated may be true to type but F1 hybrids are not |
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|
Term
Plant Propagation
successful leaf cutting propagation depends upon what? |
|
Definition
| Usually for indoor plants, take a leaf with 1/2 to 1 and 1/2 inches of petiole. |
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|
Term
Plant Propagation
what is hybrid |
|
Definition
Hybridization is a controlled method of pollination in which the pollen of two different species or varieties is crossed by human intervention. F1 indicates hybridization.
Hybridization can occur naturally through random crosses, but commercially available hybridized seed, often labeled as F1, is deliberately created to breed a desired trait. The first generation of a hybridized plant cross also tends to grow better and produce higher yields than the parent varieties due to a phenomenon called ‘hybrid vigor’. However, any seed produced by F1 plants is genetically unstable and cannot be saved for use in following years. Not only will the plants not be true-to-type, but they will be considerably less vigorous. Gardeners who use hybrid plant varieties must purchase new seed every year. Hybrid seeds can be stabilized, becoming open-pollinated varieties, by growing, selecting, and saving the seed over many years. |
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Term
Plant Propoagation
Germination
Seeds
Best Wavelength of light for seedlings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propoagation
Parts of Seed and what does it become |
|
Definition
Radicle=root
Plumule = becomes meristem and eventually the buds and leaves
Hypocotyl= stem
Cotyledon - becomes first leaves (mono is one, di is two) but they do not stay on plant
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|
Term
Plant Propoagation
Seeds
Best heat for germination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant Propoagation
Seeds
Best temperature for storing seeds |
|
Definition
| Low humidity and cool temperatures ~40F |
|
|
Term
Plant Propoagation
Seeds
Water importance |
|
Definition
need to absorb water to germinate
may need to get throug, or break dormancy, hard seeds through stratification -layers of material with forced dormancy chilling
scarification -breaking hard surface through scraping, breaking or softening like using hot water at 170-212 degrees and allowing them to soak 12 to 24 hours
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|
Term
Plant Propoagation
Seeds
What is hardening off |
|
Definition
Hardening is the process of changing the cell structure in the plant (like stems) to withstand a change in environment
Start 2 weeks before transplanting to garden by gradually reducing water and temperature
Builds up carbohydrates and thickens cell walls. |
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|
Term
Plant Propoagation
Sexual and Asexual |
|
Definition
Sexual is by seed : egg and pollen - genes from bith parents
Asexual - all other means - cuttings, division, layering (air and simple),
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|
Term
Plant Propoagation
seeds
Oxygen importance |
|
Definition
| Respiration increases as seedlings grow. medium sould be well aerated |
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|
Term
Plant Propogation
what is open pollinated |
|
Definition
Open-pollination is when pollination occurs by insect, bird, wind, humans, or other natural mechanisms.
Because there are no restrictions on the flow of pollen between individuals, open-pollinated plants are more genetically diverse. This can cause a greater amount of variation within plant populations, which allows plants to slowly adapt to local growing conditions and climate year-to-year. As long as pollen is not shared between different varieties within the same species, then the seed produced will remain true-to-type year after year. |
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Term
Plant diseases
Chemical controls |
|
Definition
Chemicals may kill the pathogen directly or inhibit its growth
Systemics are chemicals that enter the plant and are redistruted withing the plant.
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|
|
Term
Plant diseases
Chemical controls
Formulations |
|
Definition
Wettable powders
Dusts
Emulsions
Liquids
Thermal smokes/fogs |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
Managing plant disease |
|
Definition
Regulatory methods - inspections, quarantines
Cultural methods - closed seasons, dry fallow, crop rotation, sanitation,manipulating the environment (controlling humidity) improving plant vigor |
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|
Term
Plant diseases
Name some abiotic diseases |
|
Definition
Caused by non living entities
Excessive or insufficient moisture
Poor soil aeration
Excessive salts or overfertilization
Nutrient deficiencies or imbalances
Excessively temp (hig/low)
Light condition
Air pollution
Common pollutants (fluorides, ethylene)
|
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
Physical Controls |
|
Definition
| Heat treatments/refrigeration |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
Resistant Varieties |
|
Definition
| Look for those varieities that are resistant. This does not mean that the disease won't happen, but rather that the plant may be less susceptible |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
Role of environmental stress |
|
Definition
| Causes the enviroment to change, predisposing the plant to disease and decline |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
Symptoms of phototoxicity |
|
Definition
poor seed germination
death of tissue
death of seedlings
misshappen leaves or fruit
dead spots on leaves |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
What are viruses |
|
Definition
| Viruses are composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They take over plant metabolism, gain access through wound in plant or through insect feeding. |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
What is phototoxicity |
|
Definition
| Applying chemicals for disease and insect control that results in damage to the plant. This can happen when application is propoerly applied but in adverse conditions, or improperly applied |
|
|
Term
Plant diseases
iological controls |
|
Definition
| One organism is used to attack or inhibit the activity of another. In this case a certain level of disease must be tolerated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce shade, restrict height
prevent branches from rubbing each other or buildings |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Deciduous Trees
Pruning methods |
|
Definition
| Prune (thin_ to a lateral branch that should be the diameter of one half of that of the part removed. |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Deciduous Trees
What should be avoided when cutting a branch |
|
Definition
| Avoid cutting into natural collar |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Evergreen Trees
Necessary for most evergreen shrubs except for conifers |
|
Definition
| they would outgrow their space otherwise |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Evergreen Trees
When to prune |
|
Definition
| Late winter or early spring except for pines. |
|
|
Term
Pruning
General idea when to prune |
|
Definition
| Ideal time to prune most shrubs is during the late dormant season before the start of new growth |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Importance of buds |
|
Definition
| Terminal bud exerts a strong influence ove rthe later buds lower on the stem. Apical dominance is the phenomenon, and is directed by a hormone called auxin. This hormone suppresses growth of other buds and keeps them dormant. |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Improper pruning methods |
|
Definition
| Heading back or shearing tops |
|
|
Term
Pruning
Pruning may also be used to restrict growth - examples? |
|
Definition
Space is limited
formal appearance preferred
bonsai
training |
|
|
Term
Pruning
What is a three-part cut |
|
Definition
With a large branch make three cuts to take the branch off:
1st cut above the area to be cut and make it an underside cut; only less than half way through limb; second but on the top of that area, then the third cut is all the way through the branch at the proper site (not into the collar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Removal of branches/limbs to encourage sunlight and air circulation.
Look for branches that are crossing over other branches,
Never more than one third of the plant. |
|
|
Term
Pruning
what is effective? |
|
Definition
| Understanding the types and roles of bud growth to manipulate and use to your advantage. |
|
|
Term
Pruning
when do you prune spring flowering plants? |
|
Definition
| Prune after they bloom. Bloom forms on previous year's growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Improves the quality of the flowers, foliage, fruit, and stems |
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Term
|
Definition
Thinning out
Rejuvenation
Renewal |
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Term
Pruning
What are good candidates for pruning? |
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Definition
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Term
Turfgrass Management
Kentucky Bluegrass properties |
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Definition
Used in PA
lawns, institutions, parks athletic fields
spreads by shizomes
very tolerant of cold, drought, heat
Requires higher nitrogen
can produce more thatch |
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Term
Turfgrass Management
What are species used in PA |
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Definition
kentucky blu
fine fescue
tall fescue
rough bluegrass
Perennial Rye
Bentgrass
Zoysia |
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Term
Turfgrass Management
What are species used in PA
that are cool season |
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Definition
Kentucky Blue - rhizomes
Rough Blue - bunching
perennial rye - bunch and is bred to include endophytes
Fine Fescue - bunch and rhizome
Tall Fescue - bunch with some rhizomes
Bentgrass - stolons and produces thatch
Zoysia is primarily warm weather - stolons |
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Term
Turfgrass Management
What causes decline in grass |
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Definition
Improper pH
soil nutrients
chemicals
wrong variety for conditions |
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Term
Turfgrass Management
When best time to fertilize lawns |
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Definition
| feed in dormant period and apply weed killer at same time. Can fertilize during season up to 3 times / year. Like Nitrogen/ |
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Term
Turfgrass Management
what are types of fescues |
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Definition
| Creeping, red and hard. There are also tall and fine) |
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Term
Vegetables
How do you encourage good microorganisms |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Vegetables
best time to add fertilizers and manure |
|
Definition
| in fall so it has time to integrate in soil |
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Term
Vegetables
ow to prevent disease |
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Definition
Companion planting
crop rotation
interplanting |
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Term
Vegetables
why apply ashes, sulfur, limestone - |
|
Definition
| To amend the soil pH. Limestone if too acidic; sulfur if too alkaline; wood ash adds to alkalinity |
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Term
Vegetables
why are some vegetables sweeter in the fall? |
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Definition
| Sugar content increases with warm days cool nights (like sap) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Weeds are considered agressive when they invade minimally managed areas and interfere with native species and the functioning of natural environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Weeds are plants in undesirable location.
Weeds are plants that adversely affects the use, economic value and aesthetic aspect of the land or water it infests |
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Term
Weeds
Give some examples of weeds of each type of life cycle |
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Definition
Annual weeds - chickweed, henbit, annual bluegrass
Biennial weeds - mullein, garlic mustard, Queen Anne's lace
Perennial weeds - dandelion, pokeweed, Bermuda grass |
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Term
Weeds
Redeeming characteristics |
|
Definition
| May be edible or useful in other ways, attractive, good pollinators, provide food or shelter |
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Term
Weeds
Seed dispersal types |
|
Definition
Adapted to cover long distances, specialized structures,
moved by wind, water, animals |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control |
|
Definition
| Integrated Pest Management includes biological controls, cultural, mechanical and chemical methods in a responsible manner |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Biological |
|
Definition
| Introduction of natural predators or pathogens |
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Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Chemical controls |
|
Definition
Herbicides are pesticides that kill plants
Selective and non-selective types
Contact and systemic types
Post emergence and pre emergence
|
|
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Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Cultural and Mechanical controls |
|
Definition
Increase competition with desirable plants
Improve soil pH, fertility, structure
Watering techniques (deep rather than shallow)
Weed prevention and sanitation (selecting plants without weed seeds)
Clean equipment
Use straw not hay
compost all waste to reach the temperatures needed to kill seeds (above 140F) |
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Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Cultural and Mechanical controls |
|
Definition
Mulches
Edging and barriers
Flame
Frequent tillage
Allow a flush of seeds to emerge then cover with clear plastic
|
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Organic Herbicide |
|
Definition
Vinegar - but % must be high and it can cause burns
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|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Perennials, brush and woody weeds - what are some and why are they difficult to control? |
|
Definition
| Bermudagrass, honeysuckle, tree-of-heaven becasue they are deeply rooted and often break off when pulled. Roundup |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
Seedling grasses and broadleaves controll |
|
Definition
| Use mulch and space plants closely so there is little opportunity for seedlings to get through |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
What are some perennial grass weeds in turf and how controlled? |
|
Definition
| Bermudagrass, quackgrass - difficult to eradicate |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
What are some summer annual weed and how controlled? |
|
Definition
Summer annual weed grasses: crabgrass, stitltgrass, goosegrass
Treated by keeping lawn properly fertilized and aerated
Treated with preemergence herbicides but note this has long residual |
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|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
What are some typical broadleaf weeds and how controlled? |
|
Definition
chickweed, clover, ground ivy
Postemergence to weed foliage
2,4-D
Postemergence applications in spring or fall |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
What are some winter annual grasses in turf and how controlled? |
|
Definition
Annual bluegrass is a winter annual with prolific seed head production in spring.
Treat with preemergence in early fall |
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|
Term
Weeds
Weed management and control
What is nutsedge |
|
Definition
Nutsedge is a grasslike perennial that arises from small tubers. Hand removal but not guaranteed
|
|
|
Term
Weeds
What are some important points about weed biology? |
|
Definition
Understanding their biology and life cycle helps us to manage them at their weakest points.
Knowing life cycle, means of reproduction and seed dispersal important for control |
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|
Term
Weeds
What are the life cycles of weeds |
|
Definition
Annuals - complete their life cycle in one year or less
Biennials -live ore than one but less than two years. First year they germinate, grow a basal rosette; second year they may elongate their stalk after vigorous growth and set seed
Perennials - live for more than two years and return each year after overwintering |
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Term
Weeds
What do some state and federal laws do about weeds? |
|
Definition
Some laws are enacted to prevent the intentional or accidental introduction of weed species>
Federal Seed Act 1934 regulates commerce to protect against mislabeled or contaminated seed
Federal Seed Act of 1974 regulates the introduction of weeds from foreign origin. |
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Term
Weeds
What does the presence of weeds indicate? |
|
Definition
Indicate unsuitable growing enviroment for desired plants
Indication of soil compaction, low fertility, poor drainage, too much shade. |
|
|
Term
Weeds
What is natural succession |
|
Definition
| Disturbed soils are colonized by peioneer plants which are gradually replaced by different species over a period of 50-100 years. |
|
|
Term
Weeds
What is significant about seed production |
|
Definition
A single weed can make thousands of seeds
Seeds can have a great longevity and long dormancy
|
|
|
Term
Weeds
What is the difference between invasive and exotic? |
|
Definition
Exotic sspecies are not native, and not all exotics are invasive.
Invasive cause harm to environments, humans, animals. Even some natives may be invasives. |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Why are weeds a problem? |
|
Definition
| Many weeds are simply part of "natural succession". If left alone a meadow will revert to forest in 50 years |
|
|
Term
Weeds
Why is control important? |
|
Definition
Weeds can steal nutrients from desirable plants
Weeds harbor insects and diseases
Weeds can be an overwintering resevoir for pests and rodents
Weeds can present a hazard to humans by encouraging stinging insects, dermatitis, allergies, poison. |
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|
Term
Weeds
Why is weed identification important? |
|
Definition
| Learning to identify weed species can help you to eliminate them, determin best techniques. |
|
|
Term
Weeds and Invasives
Potential management options |
|
Definition
Don't share plants
Practice control
destroy seed
encourage others in the same management practices |
|
|
Term
Weeds and Invasives
What are key issues? |
|
Definition
Most are concerns about the introdcution may out compete for nutrients and deny habitat to native plants, animals and insects
Most are vegetatively reproduced so you dig up something but a rhyzome or tuber is left behind
Species that are presently identified are illegal to sell and sometimes transport - purple loosestrife, hogweed, Giant knotweed, pampass grass |
|
|
Term
Weeds and Invasives
What type of plant and what sort of weed control used? |
|
Definition
Monocot - grasses - use different controls
winter annual like broadleaf germinated in cool season
summer annual germinates in warm weather, produces seed in summer and dies in the fall. |
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|
Term
Woody Ornamentals
Mulching |
|
Definition
| If using sawdust must add nitogen as the sawdust contains carbon and takes nitrogen from the soil to do the breakdown. |
|
|
Term
Woody Ornamentals
Planting depths
Balled and Burlapped (BXB) |
|
Definition
Root ball up to 3 feet, hole width should be at least 24' wider than the root ball diameter. If planting into poorly draining soils, increase by 50%.
Depth should be relative to the trunk flare |
|
|
Term
Woody Ornamentals
Planting depths
Bare-root |
|
Definition
shorten excessively long roots
planting hole should be shallow
usually no more than 12-15 inches deep
Dig the whole 24 inches wider than the root spread |
|
|
Term
Woody Ornamentals
Planting depths
Container |
|
Definition
| No deeper than the height of the root ball |
|
|
Term
Woody Ornamentals
Problem sites |
|
Definition
| Extend the hole 6-8 feet beyond trunk of tree to provide better soil quality as tree roots expand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parallel outside of root zone, or 3-gyed wired. With bareroot you can add a stake near the roots. |
|
|
Term
Woody Ornamentals
What are tips for newly planted plants |
|
Definition
| Water well (may need a resevoir approach with some soils), cover with 2" organic mulch but keep several inches from plant stem. |
|
|
Term
native Plants
Types of Barrens in PA |
|
Definition
| Shale, limestone, serpentine... all from sedimentary rock |
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