Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of three bases in a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a codon during protein synthesis |
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Definition
| in reference to double-stranded DNA, one strand runs 5' --> 3' and the complementary strand 3' --> 5' |
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Definition
| a genetic element, usually circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes, carrying genes essential to cellular function |
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Definition
| a sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes an amino acid |
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Definition
| nucleic acid sequences that can base-pair with each other |
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| an enzyme found in most prokaryotes that introduces negative supercoils in DNA |
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Definition
| an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5' -->3' direction using an antiparallel DNA strand as a template |
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Definition
| the coding DNA sequences in a split gene (in contrast with intron) |
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Definition
| a segment of DNA specifying a protein (via mRNA), a tRNA, or an rRNA |
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Definition
| the total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus |
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Definition
| formation of a duplex nucleic acid with strands derived from different sources by complementary base pairing |
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Definition
| the intervening noncoding DNA sequences in a split gene (contrast with exon) |
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Definition
| an RNA molecule that contains the genetic information to encode one or more polypeptides |
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Definition
| a protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partially denatured state |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of genes whose expression is controlled by a single operator |
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Term
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| a method for the amplification of a specific DNA sequence in vitro by repeated cycles of synthesis using specific primers and DNA polymerase |
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Definition
| an unprocessed RNA molecule that is the direct product of transcription |
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Definition
| an oligonucleotide to which DNA polymerase can attach the first deoxyribonucleotide during DNA replication |
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Definition
| a site on DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to commence transcription |
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Definition
| synthesis of DNA using DNA as a template |
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Definition
| an enzyme that recognizes and breaks DNA at specific sequences |
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Definition
| types of RNA found in the ribosome; some participate actively in the process of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| a cytoplasmic particle composed of ribosomal RNA and protein whose function is to synthesize proteins |
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Definition
| an enzyme that synthesizes RNA in the 5' --> 3' direction using a complementary and antiparallel DNA strand as a template |
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Term
| Semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| DNA synthesis yielding new double helices, each consisting of one parental and one progeny strand |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template |
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Definition
| an adaptor molecule used in translation that has specificity for both a particular amino acid and for one or more codons |
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Definition
| the synthesis of protein using the genetic information in messenger RNA as a template |
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Definition
| a regulatory protein that binds to specific sites on DNA and stimulates transcription involved in positive control |
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Definition
| an enzyme that contains two binding sites, the active site (where the substrate binds) and the allosteric site (where an effector molecule binds) |
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Definition
| a mechanism for controlling gene expression; typically transcription is terminated after initiation but before a full length mRNA is produced |
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Definition
| a decrease in the activity of the first enzyme of a pathway caused by the final product of the pathway |
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Definition
| transcription and/or translation of genes |
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Definition
| a series of proteins induced by a sudden upshift in temperature or certain other stress factors that function to refold partially denatured proteins |
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Definition
| production of an enzyme only when its substrate is present |
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Definition
| an enzyme that adds a phosphoryl group to a compound |
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Definition
| a mechanism for regulating gene expression in which a repressor protein functions to prevent transcription of a gene or genes |
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Definition
| one or more genes transcribed into a single RNA and under the control of a single regulatory site |
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Definition
| a mechanism for regulating gene expression in which an activator protein functions to promote transcription of a gene or genes |
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Definition
| a regulatory system in an organism that require a certain density of cells of the same species be present before the regulatory events occur |
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Definition
| prevention of an enzymes synthesis when the product of its reaction is present in excess |
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Definition
| a regulatory protein that binds to specific sites on DNA and blocks transcription; involved in negative control |
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Term
| Response regulator protein |
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Definition
| one of the members of a two-component system; a regulatory protein that is phosphorylated by a sensor kinase protein (see sensor kinase protein) |
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Definition
| a messenger RNA that can bind a specific small molecule near its 5' end that alters its secondary structure and makes it unavailable for translation |
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Definition
| one of the members of a two-component system; a membrane-integrated protein that phosphorylates itself in response to an external signal and then transfers the phosphoryl group to a response regulator protein (see response regulator protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| a global regulatory control that is activated by amino acid starvation |
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Term
| Two-component regulatory system |
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Definition
| a regulatory system containing two proteins: a sensor kinase and a response regulator (see sensor kinase protein and response regulator protein) |
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Definition
| has two binding sites, the active site (where the substrate binds) and the allosteric site (where the inhibitor (effector) binds reversibly |
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Definition
| different proteins that catalyze the same reaction, but which are subject to different regulatory controls |
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Term
| concerted feedback inhibition |
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Definition
| each product feedback inhibits the enzyme's activity partially; complete inhibition occurs only when all three products are present in excess |
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Term
| single-strand binding protein |
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Definition
| stabiizes the single-stranded DNA after the helicase has unwinded the two strands at the replication fork |
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Definition
strand growing from the 5' --> 3'
Continuously syntheisizing DNA because there is always a free 3'-OH at the replication fork to which a new nucleotide can be added |
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Term
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Definition
DNA synthesis occurs discontinuously because there is no 3'-OH at the replication form to which a new nucleotide can attach
RNA primer must be synthesized by primase multiple times to provide free 3'-OH groups |
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