-granules stain with acid and basic dyes

-"pus cell"

-arrive early in an infection

-granules stain with basic dye

-contain histamines for allergic reactions

-granules stain with acid dyes

-combat parasites

Dendritic Cells

tonsils

lymph nodes

spleen

thymus

bone marrow

Peyer's patches

blood

-destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by cytolysis and apoptosis (programmed cell death)

-kills target cells lacking MHC class 1

-mature into macrophages (which arrive later in an infection)

-located: tissues, blood, lymph

-phagocytic

-causes vasodialation (signaled by histamine)

-increased permeability

-stimulates neighboring cells to produce antiviral protein (AVP) which prevents viral replication and protects the neighboring cells

-works for short period of time

-does not work on cells already infected

1) antibody bound to an organism (classical pathway)

2) activation by certain bacterial polysaccharides (alternative pathway)

3) activation by mannose binding pathway

1) cell lysis

2) opsonization: antigen is coated with antibody or complement component C3b which enhances phagocytosis ["to prepare for eating"]

3) inflammation

4) chemotaxis: C5a acts as powerful chemotactic signal to attract phagocytes

*PEOPLE W/ COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCES SHOW INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE*

-antibody production by B cells (plasma cells)

-works well for EXTRAcellular pathogens

-involves direct cell contact w/ cytotoxic T cells

-does not involve antibody production

-important for INTRAcellular pathogens

-T cell binds to MHC 1 antigen complexes on infected cells and produce cytokines

-release perforin

Variable: antigen binding site

Constant: relatively unchanging, binds to receptors on host cells and binds complement proteins

-most prevalent

-can cross placenta

-function not well known

-appears early

TH1: important in cell mediated immunity

TH2: important in humoral immunity

1) precipitation rxn: rxn of antibody w/ soluble antigen

2) agglutination rxn

3) fluorescent antibody technique: cells stained

4) neutralization tests: detects and antigen-antibody rxn that inactivates bacterial toxin or virus

5) radioimmunoassay: radioactive tag placed on antibody to detect/measure antigen

6) ELISA: enzymes used as tags

7) latex particles: used to visualize antigen-antibody rxns

-immediate

-anaphylaxis rxns

FIRST EXPOSURE: IgE bing to mast cells and basophils

SECOND EXPOSURE: antigen bings to the IgE on "primed" cells causing cells to degranulate releasing histamine

-antibody dependent rxns

-occurs when IgM or IgG antibodies combine with antigens activating complement

-immune complex rxns

-an antigen-antibody-complement complex accumulates in tissues causing damage (rhrumatoid arthritis)

-cell mediated rxn (no antibody involved)

-onset much slower (poison ivy, TB test, cosmetics, metals in jewlery, latex)

-bacteria

-grow in high salt and somewhat heat resistant and resistant to drying

-in skin flora

-virulence factors: adhesion and multiple kinds of toxins

-protein A, coagulase, catalase, and hyaluronidase inhibits phagocytosis

-diseases: "pus producing", impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, TSS, pneumonia

-treatment=penicillin

-bacteria

-classification based on hemolysis

1) alpha- green zone

2) beta- clear zone

3) gamma- no hemolysis

-habitat is upper respiratory tract and genito-urinary tract

-diseases: newborn meningitis, impetigo, erysipelas, strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, subacute bacterial endocarditis

-treatment=penicillin

-bacteria

-blue green pigment

-habitat: everywhere, soil, water, marine

-virulence factors: pili (attatchment), capsules (antiphagocytic), proteolytic enzymes (destroys proteins), toxins

-diseases: usually only found in compromised host (immunosuppressed, burn patients, cystic fibrosis) causes superficial infections and respiratory

-treatment=very difficult

-yeast

-in normal flora

-diseases: candidiasis, thrush (newborns), vaginitis

-parasite

-tiny mite burrows in skin

-parasite

-lice

-bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae

"conjunctivitis"