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MCAT Biology info
facts and vocab. from Kaplan Biology
106
Medical
Undergraduate 1
07/09/2014

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the prokaryotic ribosomal subunits?
Eukaryotic?
Definition
prokaryotic: 30S and 50S
eukaryotic: 40S and 60S
Term
What is the function of cholesterol
Definition
helps with cell membrane fluidity and generates steroid hormones
Term
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Definition
proteins in cell membrane that allow cells to recognize each other

acts in differentiation and development
Term
smooth ER
Definition
lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
Term
cristae
Definition
inner foldings of mitochondria
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
create hydrogen peroxide within cell to break down fats into usable molecules and catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver
Term
glyoxysomes
Definition
important for germinating plants because converts fats to usable sugars until the plant can make its own energy via photosynthesis
Term
microbodies
Definition
peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
Term
What makes up cell walls in plants, fungi, and protists?
Definition
plants: cellulose
fungi: chitin
protists: usually calcium carbonate
Term
centrioles
Definition
organize spindle apparatus on which chromosomes move during mitosis
Term
the cytoskeleton has what three components?
Definition
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Term
microfilaments
Definition
smallest

made of solid rods of actin
Term
microtubules
Definition
hollow, largest component of cytoskeleton

made of tubulin protein
Term
apoenzymes
Definition
enzymes without their cofactors
Term
holoenzymes
Definition
enzymes with their cofactors
Term
prosthetic groups
Definition
tightly bound cofactors
Term
optimal blood pH
Definition
7.4
Term
optimal human body pH
Definition
7.2-7.4
Term
optimal human body temp
Definition
37 degrees C
Term
allosteric enzymes
Definition
have multiple binding sites (active site and allosteric site)
Term
reversible inhibition
Definition
competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition
Term
competitive inhibition
Definition
inhibitor blocks substrate by binding to active site
Term
noncompetitive inhibition
Definition
inhibitor binds to allosteric site
Term
irreversible inhibition
Definition
active site made permanently unavailable or enzyme permanently altered
Term
Photosynthesis Formula
Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Term
Cellular Respiration Formula
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Term
Which form of NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 is oxidized and which is reduced?
Definition
if it has the H it has been reduced

reduction is gain of electrons or Hydrogen!
Term
where does glycolysis occur?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Glycolysis inputs and outputs
Definition
Term
What happens to pyruvate if Oxygen is not available?
Definition
Fermentation

converted to ethanol or lactice acid
Term
Cori cycle
Definition
converts lactic acid back to pyruvate once our bodies get enough oxygen
Term
oxygen debt
Definition
the amount of oxygen our body needs to complete the cori cycle (convert lactic acid back to pyruvate)
Term
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Definition
G1 (pre synthetic gap)
S stage (synthesis)
G2 (post synthetic gap)
M stage *mitosis
Term
G1 (pre synthetic gap)
Definition
cells create mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, and double in size
Term
S stage
Definition
cells duplicate chromatids
Term
G2 (post synthetic gap)
Definition
cells make sure they have enough organelles and cytoplasm
Term
M stage
Definition
mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis
Term
centrioles
Definition
paired cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome region that form spindle fibers (made of microtubules)
Term
asters
Definition
attachement points that form the spindle apparatus for cell division
Term
parthenogenesis
Definition
adult organism develops unfertilized egg
Term
When and where does crossing over occur?
Definition
during prophase I of meiosis at chiasmata
Term
seminiferous tubules and cells of Leydig
Definition
functional components of testes
Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition
where sperm is produced
Term
sertoli cells
Definition
nourish sperm
Term
cells of leydig
Definition
secrete testosterone and other androgens
Term
epidiymis
Definition
stores sperm, they gain motility here
Term
route sperm travel during ejaculation
Definition
vas deferents, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Term
what produces seminal fluid
Definition
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
contribute fructose and nourishment to seminal fluid
Term
prostate gland
Definition
contributes alkaline properties to seminal fluid
Term
spermatogonia
Definition
diploid stem cells that become primary spermatocytes
Term
acrosome
Definition
cap over sperm head (derived from golgi)
Term
secondary spermatocytes
Definition
haploid cells after meiosis I of primary spermatocytes
Term
spermatids
Definition
haploid cells after meiosis II of primary spermatocytes
Term
spermatozoa
Definition
mature sperm cells
Term
primary oocytes
Definition
pre differentiated cells frozen in prophase I that will become eggs
Term
secondary oocyte
Definition
forms once a month from the primary oocyte

stays in metaphase II and doesn't finish meiosis until fertilization occurs
Term
polar body
Definition
formed along with secondary oocyte

almost all of the cytoplasm goes to the oocyte but the polar body is the other "cell" formed from meiosis of the primary oocyte
Term
zona pellucida and corona radiata
Definition
layers that surround oocyte
Term
cortical reaction
Definition
when fertilization of ovum occurs, Ca2+ ions are released into cytoplasm, causing a fertilization membrane to form and increasing metabolic rate
Term
zygote
Definition
single cell

fertilized ovum
Term
embryo
Definition
after first cleavage until week 8
Term
indeterminate cleavage
Definition
cells can still develop into complete organisms
Term
determinate cleavage
Definition
cells are committed to differentiate into a specific cell type
Term
morula
Definition
solid mass of cells after several divisions
Term
blastocoel
Definition
hollow, fluid-filled inner cavity of blastula
Term
blastocyst
Definition
mammalian blastula
Term
trophoblast
Definition
cells that give rise to chorion and placenta

surrounds blastocoel
Term
inner cell mass of blastula
Definition
protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to organism (compare to trophoblast that gives rise to chorion and placenta)
Term
progesterone
Definition
prepares endometrial layer for embryo to implant itself
Term
blastulation
Definition
forms blastula (hollow ball of cells)
Term
gastrulation
Definition
formation of 3 cell layers of implantation
(endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)
Term
archenteron
Definition
deep invagination of gastrula that develops into gut eventually
Term
blastopore
Definition
opening of archenteron in gastrula

develops into mouth (protostomes) or anus (deuterostomes)
Term
What does blastopore develop into in deuterostomes and protostomes?
Definition
deuterostomes: anus
protostomes: mouth
Term
What does ectoderm develop into?
Definition
integument, lens of eye, nervous system, adrenal medulla
Term
What does mesoderm develop into?
Definition
musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, muscular and connective tissue coats of digestive and respiratory system, adrenal cortex
Term
What does endoderm develop into?
Definition
digestive and respiratory, liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary and reproductive tracts
Term
neurulation
Definition
development of nervous system
Term
foramen ovale
Definition
in fetal circulation connects right and left atria
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
in fetal circulation shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
Term
ductus venosus
Definition
in fetal circulation, bypasses the liver and makes blood from the placenta go straight to inferior vena cava
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
coordinates birth
Term
oxytocin
Definition
peptide hormone that coordinates birth
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
skull, vertebral column, ribcage (basic framework)
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
arms, legs,pelvic and pectoral girdles
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
make cartilage by secreting chondrin (matrix)
Term
compact bone
Definition
spongy, cancellous bone
Term
trabeculae
Definition
bony spicules (points) of songy bone

filled with bone marrow
Term
red marrow
Definition
filled with hematopoietic stem cells

generates blood cells
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
mostly fat, inactive
Term
diaphyses
Definition
cylindrical shafts of long bones
Term
epiphyses
Definition
dilated ends of long bones
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
cartilaginous structure of long bones, site of longitudinal growth

separates diaphyses and epiphyses
Term
periosteum
Definition
fibrous sheath that surrounds long bone for protection and muscle attachment
Term
What types of bones are there?
Definition
compact (spongy) bone, long bones, strong bones
Term
Haversian canal
Definition
in strong bones, filled with blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph
Term
lucunae
Definition
fill spaces between lamellae in strong bones

house osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Term
canaliculi
Definition
little canals that connect lacunae in strong bones
Term
osteons
Definition
AKA aversion systems

structural units of strong bones
encircle haversian canal
Term
lamellae
Definition
surrounds haversian canal in concentric circles in strong bones
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
process of cartilage hardening to bone
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue (mesechymal tissue) is transformed into and replaced by bone
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
build bone
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
destroy bone
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