Term
What are the prokaryotic ribosomal subunits? Eukaryotic? |
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Definition
prokaryotic: 30S and 50S eukaryotic: 40S and 60S |
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Term
What is the function of cholesterol |
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Definition
helps with cell membrane fluidity and generates steroid hormones |
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Term
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
proteins in cell membrane that allow cells to recognize each other
acts in differentiation and development |
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Definition
lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons |
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Definition
inner foldings of mitochondria |
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create hydrogen peroxide within cell to break down fats into usable molecules and catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver |
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important for germinating plants because converts fats to usable sugars until the plant can make its own energy via photosynthesis |
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Definition
peroxisomes and glyoxysomes |
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Term
What makes up cell walls in plants, fungi, and protists? |
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Definition
plants: cellulose fungi: chitin protists: usually calcium carbonate |
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Definition
organize spindle apparatus on which chromosomes move during mitosis |
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Term
the cytoskeleton has what three components? |
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Definition
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments |
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Definition
smallest
made of solid rods of actin |
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Definition
hollow, largest component of cytoskeleton
made of tubulin protein |
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Definition
enzymes without their cofactors |
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Definition
enzymes with their cofactors |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
have multiple binding sites (active site and allosteric site) |
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Definition
competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitor blocks substrate by binding to active site |
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Term
noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
inhibitor binds to allosteric site |
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Definition
active site made permanently unavailable or enzyme permanently altered |
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Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
Cellular Respiration Formula |
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Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Term
Which form of NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 is oxidized and which is reduced? |
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Definition
if it has the H it has been reduced
reduction is gain of electrons or Hydrogen! |
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Term
where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis inputs and outputs |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to pyruvate if Oxygen is not available? |
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Definition
Fermentation
converted to ethanol or lactice acid |
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Term
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Definition
converts lactic acid back to pyruvate once our bodies get enough oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
the amount of oxygen our body needs to complete the cori cycle (convert lactic acid back to pyruvate) |
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Term
What are the stages of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
G1 (pre synthetic gap) S stage (synthesis) G2 (post synthetic gap) M stage *mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
cells create mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, and double in size |
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Term
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Definition
cells duplicate chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
cells make sure they have enough organelles and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
paired cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome region that form spindle fibers (made of microtubules) |
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Term
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Definition
attachement points that form the spindle apparatus for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
adult organism develops unfertilized egg |
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Term
When and where does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
during prophase I of meiosis at chiasmata |
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Term
seminiferous tubules and cells of Leydig |
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Definition
functional components of testes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
secrete testosterone and other androgens |
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Definition
stores sperm, they gain motility here |
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Term
route sperm travel during ejaculation |
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Definition
vas deferents, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
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Term
what produces seminal fluid |
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Definition
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland |
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Term
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Definition
contribute fructose and nourishment to seminal fluid |
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Definition
contributes alkaline properties to seminal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
diploid stem cells that become primary spermatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
cap over sperm head (derived from golgi) |
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Term
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Definition
haploid cells after meiosis I of primary spermatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
haploid cells after meiosis II of primary spermatocytes |
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Definition
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Definition
pre differentiated cells frozen in prophase I that will become eggs |
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Term
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Definition
forms once a month from the primary oocyte
stays in metaphase II and doesn't finish meiosis until fertilization occurs |
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Term
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Definition
formed along with secondary oocyte
almost all of the cytoplasm goes to the oocyte but the polar body is the other "cell" formed from meiosis of the primary oocyte |
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Term
zona pellucida and corona radiata |
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Definition
layers that surround oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
when fertilization of ovum occurs, Ca2+ ions are released into cytoplasm, causing a fertilization membrane to form and increasing metabolic rate |
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Definition
single cell
fertilized ovum |
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Definition
after first cleavage until week 8 |
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Definition
cells can still develop into complete organisms |
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Definition
cells are committed to differentiate into a specific cell type |
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Definition
solid mass of cells after several divisions |
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Definition
hollow, fluid-filled inner cavity of blastula |
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Definition
cells that give rise to chorion and placenta
surrounds blastocoel |
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Term
inner cell mass of blastula |
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Definition
protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to organism (compare to trophoblast that gives rise to chorion and placenta) |
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Definition
prepares endometrial layer for embryo to implant itself |
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Definition
forms blastula (hollow ball of cells) |
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Definition
formation of 3 cell layers of implantation (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) |
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Definition
deep invagination of gastrula that develops into gut eventually |
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Term
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Definition
opening of archenteron in gastrula
develops into mouth (protostomes) or anus (deuterostomes) |
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Term
What does blastopore develop into in deuterostomes and protostomes? |
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Definition
deuterostomes: anus protostomes: mouth |
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Term
What does ectoderm develop into? |
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Definition
integument, lens of eye, nervous system, adrenal medulla |
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Term
What does mesoderm develop into? |
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Definition
musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, muscular and connective tissue coats of digestive and respiratory system, adrenal cortex |
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Term
What does endoderm develop into? |
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Definition
digestive and respiratory, liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary and reproductive tracts |
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Definition
development of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
in fetal circulation connects right and left atria |
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Definition
in fetal circulation shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta |
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Definition
in fetal circulation, bypasses the liver and makes blood from the placenta go straight to inferior vena cava |
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Definition
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Definition
peptide hormone that coordinates birth |
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Term
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Definition
skull, vertebral column, ribcage (basic framework) |
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Definition
arms, legs,pelvic and pectoral girdles |
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Term
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Definition
make cartilage by secreting chondrin (matrix) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bony spicules (points) of songy bone
filled with bone marrow |
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Definition
filled with hematopoietic stem cells
generates blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cylindrical shafts of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
dilated ends of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
cartilaginous structure of long bones, site of longitudinal growth
separates diaphyses and epiphyses |
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Term
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Definition
fibrous sheath that surrounds long bone for protection and muscle attachment |
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Term
What types of bones are there? |
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Definition
compact (spongy) bone, long bones, strong bones |
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Term
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Definition
in strong bones, filled with blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph |
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Term
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Definition
fill spaces between lamellae in strong bones
house osteocytes (mature bone cells) |
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Term
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Definition
little canals that connect lacunae in strong bones |
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Term
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Definition
AKA aversion systems
structural units of strong bones encircle haversian canal |
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Term
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Definition
surrounds haversian canal in concentric circles in strong bones |
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Term
endochondral ossification |
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Definition
process of cartilage hardening to bone |
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Term
intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue (mesechymal tissue) is transformed into and replaced by bone |
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