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Definition
| pumps located in the cell membrane that monitor [Na+] and [K+] by pulling Na+ out of the cell body once it gets in |
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Definition
| usually -90 to -70 mV ; everything is cool inside the cell |
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Definition
change in voltage across the cell:
Na+ slips in and opens enough doors to allow a flux of Na+ ions --> the cell becomes more positive; K+ begins to exit the cell, making it even more positive |
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Term
| Axon hillock/nodes of Ranvier |
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Definition
| areas where action potential is rejuvenated |
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Definition
| neuroglia that create myelin sheath |
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Definition
| information jumping from one node to the next |
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Definition
| multiple sclerosis - death of myelin in random spots --> no signals to and from the brain |
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Definition
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - pattern loss of fine motor control, followed by loss of gross motor control --> victims functionally become trapped inside their own bodies |
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Definition
| space between pre- and post-synaptic elements, found in mammals |
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Definition
| gamma-aminobutyric acid, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Definition
| future structural components (bone, connective tissue, etc.) |
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Definition
| future skin and nervous system |
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Definition
| deformity of the lower spinal cord, caused when the posterior neuropore does not seal |
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Term
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Definition
| deformity of the lower spinal cord, caused when the posterior neuropore does not seal |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, covering skull and skin do not form; caused when the anterior neuropore does not seal |
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Definition
| tissue that secretes growth hormone and stimulates cell growth in the ectoderm |
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Definition
| secondary brain vesicle; future medulla oblongata |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| midbrain (includes superior and inferior colliculi) |
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Term
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Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia |
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Definition
viral infection of dorsal root neurons and spinal nerves. almost everyone has it, but remains dormant until immune system is compromised
occurs in particular dorsal roots --> sensitive corresponding dermatomes |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the cervical plexus; innervates diaphragm |
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Definition
ascending pathway that deals with epicritic touch, kinesthetic sense, and limb proprioception
crosses in the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
aka anterolateral pathway
descending pathway responsible for pain associated with tissue damage, temperature, tickling and itching
crosses immediately in the spinal cord
synapses in Lamina II |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the dorsal columns pathway that crosses in the brainstem |
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Definition
| part of the dorsal columns pathway that travels through the midbrain |
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Definition
| attacks myelin of dorsal columns --> individuals lose touch sensation |
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Term
| anterior white commissure |
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Definition
| decussation of the spinothalamic pathway in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for unconscious proprioception (where your body is in space)
does not cross; information is received on the ipsilateral side in the thalamus
synapses in Lamina IX where it tries to stimulate anterior horn cells to direct muscles
damage to upper motor neurons-> flaccid paralysis followed by rigid paralysis (spasticity)
damage to lower motor neurons -> flaccid paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
cortex -> spinal cord -> muscles
responsible for voluntary control of movement |
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Definition
| deals with control of fine motor movement in the hands, feet, and face |
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Definition
controls large muscle groups -> gets them ready to do what fine motor functions need to do
get information from basal ganglia -> responsible for programming and execution of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| planning ahead, prediction, programming individual needs;speech and motor functions |
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Definition
| hearing, memory processing; possibly integration of sensory functions |
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Definition
pain, temperature, touch, pressure
includes primary sensory area |
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Definition
| visual information processing |
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Definition
| controls vital functions such as respiration and heart rate |
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Definition
| part of the midbrain that coordinates visual and auditory reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| integration and processing of sensory input (except smell) -> "sensory gateway to the cerebral hemispheres" |
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Definition
| controls endocrine system, VNS, respiratory and heart rate, appetite, etc. |
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Definition
programming and execution of movement ->fine motor coordination (works with cerebellum, thalamus, colliculi)
assists in emotional response, learning
diseases -> Parkinson's, Tourrette's |
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Definition
| sexual and emotional aspects of behavior; processing of memory |
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Definition
| automatic (reflex) patterns associated with visual and auditory systems |
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Definition
| relay between cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum |
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Definition
| muscle coordination and balance involved in actions such as writing and walking |
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Definition
innervation of cardiac muscle, glands, smooth muscles of cavity-containing body organs (viscera)
includes hair raising muscles, blood vessels, parts of the brain and spinal cord |
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