Term
|
Definition
•The surface‑area‑to‑volume ratio requires that cells be small.
•Cells need a large surface area of cell membrane to adequately exchange
materials – everything need to stay alive.
*Large cells - surface area relative to volume decreases
*Small cells – larger surface area to volume ratio is advantageous for exchanging molecules |
|
|
Term
| 2A. What are the two types of cells? |
|
Definition
1. Prokaryotic Cells - Lack a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles making them structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
* Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other organelles.
2. Eukaryotic Cells - cells have a nucleus amd other organelles.
Cells contain:
1. Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
2. Specialized organelles in the cytopla
3. Plasma membrane
•Much larger than prokaryotic cells
|
|
|
Term
2B. What characteristics does a prokaryotic cell have? |
|
Definition
The Structure of Prokaryotes
*****Extremely small: 1–1.5 μm wide and 2–6 μm long
•Occur in three basic shapes:
*Spherical coccus,
* Rod-shaped bacillus,
§Spiral spirillum(if rigid) or spirochete(if flexible)
|
|
|
Term
| 2C. What are the similarities in cells? |
|
Definition
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells have:
1. Both organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life,
2. Both have DNA as their genetic material.
3. Cytoplasms
4. Cell Membrane
5. Ribosomes
6. Some have flagella |
|
|
Term
2D. What are the cell differences?
The biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. Prokaryotes are smaller in size as well. The eukaryotes cells also have other membrane structures called organelles.The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes. |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. No nucleus 1. Cells have a nucleus
2. Small and simple 2. Have organelles
3. No organelles 3. Can be unicellular or multicellular
4. Are very adundant 4. Have a cytoskeleton
5. Cells have a cell wall 5. Some have cilia
6. Were the first cells 6. Includes everything that's not bacteria
7. Live a wide variety of environments
8. All are bacteria
|
|
|
Term
3. Know the names and basic function of each of the organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
*****Functions on a different notecard*************** |
|
Definition
Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells Organelles
1. Endomembrane system
•Organelles that communicate with one another
–Via membrane channels
–Via small vesicles
2. Energy related organelles
•Mitochondria and chloroplasts
•Independent and self-sufficient |
|
|
Term
4. Be able to identify them on a drawing/picture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5. What are the differences between animal and plant cells? |
|
Definition
The differences between the two types of cells can be seen with a light microscope.Below is a list of the major differences:
| ANIMAL CELLS |
PLANT CELLS |
| Does not have a cell wall, irregular in shape |
Has a cell wall, regular in shape |
| No chloroplast present |
Chloroplast present |
| Small temporary vacuoles or no vacuole |
Large vacuoles located in the centre of the cell |
| Starch grains not present |
Starch grains present |
| The nucleus is usually located centrally |
Due to the central location of the vacuole, the nucleus of the cell may be located at the edge of the cell |
|
|
|
Term
6. What is the endosymbiont theory? |
|
Definition
This theory suggests that mitochondria and plastids in eukaryotic cells were once independent prokaryotic cells. Basically, this means that once upon a time, there were three prokaryotic cells: one that was capable of aerobic respiration and converting energy, one that was capable of photosynthesis and one that was incapable of doing either of these processes. The lazy cell that was incapable of doing respiration and photosynthesis engulfed - or ate - the other cells. |
|
|
Term
Surface to Volume Ratio
What is the total surface area formula? |
|
Definition
Total surface area:
(Height x width x length x number of cubes) |
|
|
Term
Surface to Volume Ratio
What is the total volume area formula?
|
|
Definition
Total volume area:
(height x width x length x number of cubes). |
|
|
Term
Surface to Volume Ratio
What is the total volume area formula? |
|
Definition
Surface area:
Volume per cube (surface/volume). |
|
|
Term
| 2E. What characteristics does a eukaryotic cell have? |
|
Definition
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
*They contain small structures called organelles which are isolated from each other
* Each organelle performs a specific function
•Organelles are placed in one of two types
*Endomembrane system
•Organelles that communicate with one another
–Via membrane channels
–Via small vesicles
* Energy related organelles
•Mitochondria and chloroplasts
•Independent and self-sufficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organelle is a subcellular membrance-bounded structure that performs specific(s) for the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unicellular is living organisms built of a single cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Living organisms constructed from large numbers of highly interdependent cell forms of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Nucleus and Ribosomes |
|
Definition
•The Nucleus
* Command center of cell, usually near center
* Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
•Consists of double layer of membrane
•Nuclear poresselectively permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm
* Contains chromatin
•Chromatin is the DNA uncondensed and various proteins
•Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
–Chromosomes are formed during cell division
* Dark nucleolus composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
•Produces subunits of ribosomes – another organelle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Are the site of protein synthesis (making) in the cell
•Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
* Consists of a large subunit and a small
subunit that are made in the nucleolus
•May be located:
* On the endoplasmic reticulum – another organelle
* Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Series of intracellular membranes that create specialized compartments in the cell in which specific types of chemical reactions occur
•Consists of:
- Nuclear envelope
- Membranes of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
* Vesicles
•Transport materials between organelles of system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•A system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
Two types:
1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
|
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
- “Studded” with ribosomes
- Functions in protein synthesis by modifying and processing the proteins made by the ribosome by adding sugars
- Results in glycoproteins
- Forms transport vesicles that carry the glycoproteins to another organelle |
|
|
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
-Continuous with the nuclear envelope and the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- No ribosomes
- Synthesis of lipids
- Site of various synthesis for other materials, detoxification of drugs, and storage
- Forms transport vesiclesthat carry the products to another organelle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Consists of flattened, curved saccules that resembles stack of hollow pancakes
- Further modifies proteins and lipids that are received in vesicles from either of the ERs
- After modification, the proteins and lipids are prepared for “shipment” and repackaged into vesicles
- Some vesicles will stay within cell and be used by the cell
- Other vesicles will be exported or secreted from the cell for use by other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Membrane-bound vesicles (not found in plants)
§Produced by the Golgi apparatus
§Contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly acidic
•Digestion of large molecules
Recycling of cellular resources |
|
|
Term
Endomembrane System Summary |
|
Definition
•Proteins produced in rough ER and lipids from smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus
•The Golgi apparatus modifies these products and then sorts and packages them into vesicles that go to various cell destinations
•Secretory vesicles carry products to the membrane where the product is released
•Lysosomes fuse with damaged organelles, foreign particles or incoming vesicles and digest macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| Energy-Related Organelles |
|
Definition
•Chloroplasts
§Have a double membrane
§Inner membrane is infolded
•Forms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form grana (looks like stacks of pancakes)
•Suspended in semi-fluid stroma
§Green due to chlorophyll
•Green photosynthetic pigment
•Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast
§Chloroplasts contain ribosomes and their own DNA separate from the DNA in the nucleus
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Captures light energy to drive cellular processes that allow organisms with chloroplasts to make carbohydrates
•Photosynthesis
§Synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O
§Makes own food
§Only plants, algae, and certain bacteria are capable of conducting photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Smaller than chloroplast
•Contain ribosomes and and their own DNA separate from the DNA in the nucleus
•Surrounded by a double membrane
§Inner membrane surrounds the matrix(center) and is convoluted (folds) to form cristae
§Matrix – Inner semifluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates to release energy
•Involved in the process of cellular respiration
•Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell
§ATP = adenosine triphosphate
§The energy molecule of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Short, hollow cylinders
§Composed of 27 microtubules
•One pair per animal cell
§Located in centrosome (area) of animal cells
§Oriented at right angles to each other
§Important during cell reproduction
•May be involved in the synthesis of cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Hair-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from cell surface that aid in cell movement
§This is very different from prokaryote flagella
•In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
§Cilia move in coordinated waves like oars
§Flagella move like a propeller or cork screw
•The only animal cell with a flagellum is sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell Envelope is made up of:
*Plasma membrane- lipid bilayer with
embedded and proteins
* Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell
* Glycocalyx or Capsule - layer of polysaccharides (sugars) on the outside of the cell wall which is well organized and resistant to removal
•Prevents drying out
•Helps bacteria attach to almost
any surface (including you)
•Helps disease causing bacteria “bypass” your immune system.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Cytoplasm is a semifluid solution within the plasma membrane and contains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes that carry out the cell functions
•Ribosomeshelps to make the proteins the cell needs
•Nucleoid is a region that contains the single, circular DNA molecule
•Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA
•Appendages
*Flagella – provide motility
*Fimbriae – small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell surface
*Conjugation pili– rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to cell
|
|
|
