What do you tell the parent of a preschool or school-age child who asks you what causes stuttering?

A) how the brain is organized

B) unknown origin

C) intelligence

D) A and B

D) A and B

True/False.

The original teacher meeting should be done face to face.

FALSE- the original teacher meeting can be done via telephone

True/False.

The teacher interview assumes the teacher brought the child in for an in-clinic evaluation

Information you are getting from the parent does not include:

a. Their concerns

b. If the child is sensitive about stuttering

c. How long they think therapy should take

d. If they are motivated to participate in therapy 

c. How long they think therapy should take

speaking situations

school environment

SSI-3

Trial therapy helps you understand:

a. How the child feels about his stuttering

b. What situation might be difficult for him

c. Parent reactions to stuttering

d. When to begin therapy

b. What situation might be difficult for him

The question: “Have your academic or vocational choices or performance ebeen affected because you stutter? How?” Should be posed to

a. An adult

b. A school- age child

c. A pre-school child

d. An adolescent

a. An adult

• if disfluencies warrant treatment
• If so, what are the important characteristics of his history, current environment, speech behaviors and reactions
• What treatment do these characteristics indicate?

True/False.

In assessing a preschool child, one of the most important questions to answer is what caused the initial stutter?

FALSE

In assessing a preschool child, the most important questions are:

a. whether the child is stuttering or normally disfluent

b. what are the probabilities he will recover without treatment

c. if treatment is needed should it be indirect or   direct

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In assessing a school-age child, the important questions include

Circle all that apply:

1. how supportive the parents and teachers are of the child’s stuttering
2. how the stuttering is affecting the child performance
3. whether the stuttering is psychogenic or neurogenic
4. how the child feels about the stuttering and how motivated he is to work on it
5. What are the probabilities he/she will recover without treatment?

a. how supportive the parents and teachers are of the child’s stuttering

b. how the stuttering is affecting the child performance

d. how the child feels about the stuttering and how motivated he is to work on it

True/False.

The IDEA affects the process and mandates how the assessment is carried out?

TRUE

True/False.

Adults are usually placed in intermediate treatment because it requires more responsibility and independence.

FALSE- advanced treatment

True/False.

A clinician who is constantly working on his or her ability to understand the experiences of one who stutters is showing empathy. 

TRUE

According to Van Riper, which of the following facilitates progress in treatment?

a.  Genuineness, Empathy, Tenderness

b.  Empathy, Tenderness, Warmth

c.  Warmth, Empathy, Genuineness

c.  Warmth, Empathy, Genuineness

In ___________ __________ practice, a good clinician works together with the client or family in the diagnostic evaluation and thereafter to determine which treatment approach is likely to meet the client’s or family’s goals most effectively.

evidence based

When is it important for a clinician to assess how well treatment works for his/her clients?

a. After treatment

b. Before, during, and after treatment

c. During and after treatment

b. Before, during, and after treatment

True/False.

Goals for treatment and for continuing assessment should only come from the clinician’s beliefs.

FALSE- They should come from both the clinician’s and the clients beliefs.

Which of the following are appropriate treatment goals for borderline or beginning stutterers?

a. Reduce the frequency of stuttering

b. Create an environment the facilitates  fluency

c. Reduce the abnormality of stuttering

d. A and B only

e. All of the above

d. A and B only

True/False.

For children at the borderline and beginning levels of stuttering, the goal should be to reduce the frequency of stuttering to zero.

TRUE

Which treatment goal is paramount for working with borderline stuttering?

Create an environment that facilitates fluency

Which of the following are appropriate treatment goals for intermediate stutterers?

a. Reduce the frequency of stuttering

b. Reduce the abnormality of stuttering

c. Reduce negative feelings about stuttering and about speaking

d. Increase overall communication abilities

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

True/False.

The goal of effective communication is most needed for clients with borderline and beginning stuttering, who have developed avoidances.

FALSE- should be intermediate and advanced levels

Reducing avoidance

What is the difference between Stuttering Modification and Fluency Shaping?

Stuttering Modification: deals with the stuttering moment

Fluency Shaping: deals with modifying the entire speech pattern; slow, easy speech

• Borderline
• Beginning
• Intermediate
• Advanced stuttering

What are the ages stuttering usually begins to occur?

Occurs between the ages of 2-6

True/False.

Normally disfluent children have less than 10% of disfluencies.

TRUE

True/False.

Borderline stuttering children have less than 10% of disfluencies.

FALSE- more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words.

True/False.

Treatment of Borderline Stuttering places emphasis on the family's interaction styles?

TRUE

True/False.

Many approaches used for borderline stuttering can also be used for beginning stuttering as well .

TRUE

1.Descriptions of objects with alternatives offered, such as, “Is it round or square?”

2. Simple “WH” questions, “What is this?”

3. More complex “WH” questions, “What do you  do with this?”

4. Open-ended descriptions

5. A request to make up a story about an object.

• Talk more slowly
• Ask the child fewer questions
• Spend time physically close to the child
• Allow silent time in conversations
• Help the child learn to take turns

Verbally and non-verbally

Family

True/False.

Teaching families how to slow their rate of speech is a way in which a clinician can facilitate changes in a family communication style which helps a child's fluency.  

TRUE

A family should be encouraged to carry out the following changes in their lifestyle:

a. Have a 10-15 minute uninterrupted time with their child

b. Create predictable routines

c. Use consistent reasonable discipline

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What is a common cause of hypernasality?

a. Nasal polyps

b. Allergies

c. Hypertrophied adenoids

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Define hypernasality

Excessively undesirable amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance during phonation of normal non-nasal vowels and non-nasal voiced consonants.

Another way to say nasal speech is ___________. Rhinolalia clausa causes hyponasality and the passages are __________. There are two types of rhinolalia clausa. _____________ is at the level of the naris and _____________ which is the area beyond the soft palate. There is also rhinolalia aperta, which causes hypernasal speech and the nasal passages are _________.

Rhinolalia; closed; anterior; posterior; open

VP mechanism: what is the difference between insufficiency, incompetency and inadequacy?

Which phonemes are affected by hyponasality?

a.      /m/, /n/, /ng/

b.      /b/, /d/, /g/

c.       /p/,/t/,/k/

d.      /s/, /v/, /f/

a.      /m/, /n/, /ng/

Assimilation nasality is when the speaker’s vowels or voiced consonants appear nasal when adjacent to the three nasal consonants. Which sentences will show assimilative nasality?

a. “My dad likes marmalade.”

b. “The sky is blue and has clouds.”

a. “My dad likes marmalade.”

The IOWA Pressure Test is a subset of which test?

The Templin Darley Tests of Articulation

resonance; fluency

True/False.

Laboratory instruments are only used for evaluation.

FALSE

1.Which syndromes are associated with secondary nasality?

a. Pierre Robin

b. Down syndrome

c. Velocardiofacial syndrome

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

d. All of the above

You are a clinician, and the client has hypertrophied adenoids which are causing his hypernasality. What should you do as an SLP?

a. Start therapy right away

b. Make a medical referral

c. Tell them that there is nothing you can do to change their nasal resonance

d. None of the above

b. Make a medical referral

When the voice is trapped in nose and throat, it is called:

a. Thin voice

b. Cul-de-sac

c. Hypernasality

d. Assimilative nasality

b. Cul-de-sac

What is the influence and relationship of the following factors in the production/control in nasal resonance?

Palatoglossus

Salpingopharyngeus 

VP mechanism

Palatoglossus: depressor muscle. Lowers the velum and opens the VP port mechanism.

Salpingopharyngeus:  vertical muscles, down the pharyngeal wall. Raises the velum to the posterior wall of the pharynx, closing the VP port mechanism.

VP mechanism: VP port mechanism closes for oral sounds and opens for nasal sounds.

True/False.

Beginning stuttering is believed to arise from an interaction between children’s constitutional predispositions interacting with developmental and environmental influences.

TRUE

___________ behaviors are an important component of stuttering when the child is experiencing frustration.

Escape

Ratner mentions four approaches to treating concomitant problems. What are they?

• Sequential model
• Concurrent model
• Blended model
• Cyclic model

True/False.

The blended model works on fluency first then works on other concomitant disorders.

FALSE- it works on both at the same time.

Which of the following represents an alternating fluency treatment with language or phonology therapy over the course of the year?

1.  
   1. Sequential model
   2. Concurrent model
   3. Blended model
   4. Cyclic model

D. Cyclic model

Maintenance

True/False.

Unstructured Treatment conversations are introduced in Stage 2 of the Lindcombe Program.

FALSE- introduced in Stage 1

The difference of the goals of stage 2 from stage 1 in the Lindcombe program are to:

1.  
   1. Increase fluency 
   2. Apply/learn relapse contingencies 
   3. Punish/correct dysfluencies
   4. None of the above.

B. Apply/learn relapse contingencies 

5th

In the Lindcombe Program, what is wrong with the following parental reinforcer, “you are doing well.”

Too general.  Reinforcers should be specific. 

Ex:  I like the way you said cat.

For a speech sample to be valid in the Lincombe program it must have at least:

1.  
   1. 300  words 
   2. 500 words 
   3. 300 syllables
   4. 500 syllables

c. 300 syllables

True/False.

“The Monster Project” was designed by Wendell Johnson and Mary Tudor to show that negative listener reactions could make “normal” speakers into stutterers.

TRUE