Term
| What are the cardinal sx of presentation of heart conditions? (5) |
|
Definition
Chest pain
Dyspnea
Palpitations
Syncope
Fatigue |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pain of angina located? Does it radiate to any location? |
|
Definition
| Retrosternal Region; Radiates to or occasionally isolated to neck, jaw, shoulder, arms (usually left) or epigastrum. |
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Term
| Where is the pain of MI located? Does it radiate to any location? |
|
Definition
| Retrosternal Region; Radiates to or occasionally isolated to neck, jaw, shoulder, arms (usually left) or epigastrum. |
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Term
| Where is the pain of Pericarditis located? Does it radiate to any location? |
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Definition
| Left of the sternum; may radiate to neck or left shoulder (often more localized than pain of myocardial ischemia) |
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Term
| Where is the pain of Aortic dissection located? Does it radiate to any location? |
|
Definition
| Anterior chest; may radiate to back, iterscapular region |
|
|
Term
| How is the pain of Angina described? (Quality) How long does it last? (Duration) |
|
Definition
Pressure, Squeezing, tightness, heaviness, burning, indigestion
Lasts < 2 - 10min |
|
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Term
| How is the pain of MI described? (Quality) How long does it last? (Duration) |
|
Definition
SEVERE!!! Pressure, Squeezing, tightness, heaviness, burning, indigestion
Lasts variable lengths but usually > 30 min |
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|
Term
| How is the pain of Pericarditis described? (Quality) How long does it last? (Duration) |
|
Definition
Sharp, stabbing, knife-like
Lasts many hours to days, may wax and wane |
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|
Term
| How is the pain of Aortic dissection described? (Quality) How long does it last? (Duration) |
|
Definition
Excruciating, tearing, knifelike
Sudden onset, Unrelenting |
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Term
| What is the pain of angina aggravated by? (Provocative) |
|
Definition
Exertion
Cold Weather
Emotional Stress
May occur early in the morning with no provocation |
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|
Term
| What is the pain of angina alleviated by? (Palliative) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pain of MI aggravated by? (Provocative) |
|
Definition
| SEVERE PAIN associated with MI (already bad, can't get worse) |
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|
Term
| What is the pain of MI alleviated by? (Palliative) |
|
Definition
| Cannot be relieved by rest or Nitroglycerin (differentiates MI from Angina) |
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|
Term
| What is the pain of Pericarditis aggravated by? (Provocative) |
|
Definition
deep breathing
rotating chest
laying supine |
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|
Term
| What is the pain of pericarditis relieved by? (Palliative) |
|
Definition
| sitting up and leaning forward |
|
|
Term
| What are some predisposing factors of Aortic dissection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will you hear on auscultation during angina pain? |
|
Definition
S3, S4
murmur of papillary dysfunction |
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|
Term
| What are some associated sx of a MI? (5) |
|
Definition
Dyspnea
Nausea
Vomiting
Weakness
Diaphoresis |
|
|
Term
| What will you hear on auscultation with pericarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What findings may appear on PE with aortic dissection? |
|
Definition
murmur of aortic insufficiency
pulse or BP asymmetry |
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|
Term
| Where is the pain of a PE located? |
|
Definition
| Substernal or over region of pulmonary infarction |
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|
Term
| How is the pain of a PE described? (Quality) |
|
Definition
Pleuritic (with pulmonary infarction)
Angina-like |
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|
Term
| How long does the pain of a PE last? |
|
Definition
Sudden Onset
Lasts Minutes to hours |
|
|
Term
| What is the pain of a PE aggravated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the associated sx of a PE? |
|
Definition
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Hemoptysis (with Pulmonary infarction) |
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|
Term
| Where is the pain associated with pulmonary hypertension located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the pain associated with Pulmonary HTN described? (Quality) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pain of Pulmonary HTN aggravated by? (Provocative) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the pain of costochondritis be reproduced? |
|
Definition
| reproduced with palpation |
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|
Term
| Where is the pain of a spontaneous pneumothorax located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the pain of a spontaneous pneumothorax described? (Quality) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the pain of a Spontaneous Pneumothorax last? |
|
Definition
Sudden onset
Last Many Hours |
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|
Term
| What is the pain of a spontaneous pneumothorax aggravated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pain of a peptic ulcer located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the pain associated with a peptic ulcer described? (quality) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pain associated with a peptic ulcer relieved by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pain associated with anxiety states located? |
|
Definition
| Often localized over precordium; though the location often moves from place to place |
|
|
Term
| What are the BIG SIX risk factors of heart dx? |
|
Definition
Smoking/Tobacco Use
FHx
Age
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes
HTN (bigger risk for stroke) |
|
|
Term
| How can you lower homocysteine levels? (risk factor for heart dx) |
|
Definition
| lowered by taking folic acids |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal BP range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range of prehypertension? |
|
Definition
Systolic - 120 to 139
Diastolic - 80 to 89 |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of Stage 1 HTN? |
|
Definition
Systolic - 140 to 159
Diastolic - 90 to 99 |
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|
Term
| What is the range of Stage 2 HTN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What heart condition do diabetes pts have an increased risk of? |
|
Definition
| Silent Ischemia, Silent MI |
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|
Term
| Term that means - an abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term that means - Dyspnea upon assuming the supine posture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term that means - dyspnea occurs only in a lateral decubitus position, most often in patients with heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term that means - is dyspnea that occurs only in the upright position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are palpitations often a manifestation of? |
|
Definition
| Psychiatric Conditions such as depression and panic disorders |
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|
Term
| With palpitations what arrhythmia has an abrupt onset and termination after several minutes? |
|
Definition
| sustained ventricular or supraventricular tachyarrhythmia |
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|
Term
| Which type of arrhythmia has palpitations described as a gradual onset and termination of a pounding heart beat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some drugs that can precipitate arrhythmias that can cause palpitations? |
|
Definition
tobacco
caffeine
alcohol
epinephrine
ephedrine
aminophylline
atropine |
|
|
Term
| What noncardiac conditions can cause arrhythmias that can cause palpitations? |
|
Definition
Thyrotoxicosis
Hypoglycemia
Pheochromocytoma
Fever |
|
|
Term
| Term that means - Sudden, transient loss of consciousness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term that means - feeling of impending syncope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must the mean arterial pressure be to sustain conciousness? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which class of cardiac illness is described as patients with no limitation of activities; they suffer no symptoms from ordinary activities? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which class of cardiac illness is patients with slight, mild limitation of activity; they are comfortable with rest or with mild exertion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which class of cardiac illness is patients with marked limitation of activity; they are comfortable only at rest? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which class of cardiac illness is patients who should be at complete rest, confined to bed or chair; any physical activity brings on discomfort and symptoms occur at rest? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of edema is associated with lymphedema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pitting edema formed from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term that describes the chest wall caving in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of clubbing? |
|
Definition
| Lose the nail-bed angle (Clubbing is a late manifestation) |
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|
Term
| On PE what are the signs of R sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
JVP height elevated (above 0-3)
Liver Engorgement (Liver Span >6 - 12 along MCL)
Hepato-jugular reflex is elevated (First-sign of R sided HF)
Ascites (noticed very end stage)
Pitting Edema |
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|
Term
| With jugular venous pulsation what does the A wave correspond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With jugular venous pulsation what does the C wave correspond to? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| With jugular venous pulsation what does the V wave correspond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With jugular venous pulsation what does the x and y decent correspond to? |
|
Definition
| filling of the heart before and after ventricular filling |
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|
Term
| What is arterial pulse a signal of? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as a small delayed arterial pulse? What condition is it a characteristic of? |
|
Definition
| Pulsus Parvus; severe valvular aortic stenosis |
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|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as low in amplitude and volume with a delayed peak? What condition is this pulse a characteristic of? |
|
Definition
| Pulsus parvus et tardus; Aortic Stenosis or shock |
|
|
Term
| What type of pulse is described as jerky, with full expansion followed by a sudden collapse? What condition is this type of pulse a characteristic of? |
|
Definition
| Waterhammer or Corrigan's Pulse; Aortic valve regurgitation |
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|
Term
| Which pulse is described as characterized by an increase in the velocity of the upstroke and amplitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as a faint, slow pulse? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What conditions are hyperkinetic pulses associated with? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, exercise, fever, thyrotoxicosis, hypertension, aortic regurgitation, arterio-venous fistula, and patent ductus arteriosus |
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|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as diminished unilaterally or bilaterally, often with systolic bruit? What condition is this pulse associated with? |
|
Definition
| Pulse Differens; Extracranial carotid stenosis due to atherosclerosis |
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|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as an exaggeration of normal variation of the pulse which weakens during inspiration? What conditions is this type of pulse associated with? |
|
Definition
| Pulsus Paradoxus; Cardiac tamponade, Pericarditis, COPD, Asthma |
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|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as double-peaked with rapid rise (or double peaked with normal or delayed rise)? What conditions is this pulse associated with? |
|
Definition
| Biferiens Pulse; Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy or Combined aortic regurgitation and stenosis |
|
|
Term
| Which type of pulse is described as a beat-to-beat variation in the amplitude of the pressure pulse? What condition is this pulse associated with? |
|
Definition
| Pulsus Alterans; depression in left ventricular systolic function |
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|
Term
| Where is the PMI palpated? |
|
Definition
| 5th Intercostal space along the MCL |
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|
Term
| What term is described as a sustained, systolic outward movement of the precordium? What condition is this a sign of? |
|
Definition
| Lift/Heave; indicative of cardiomegaly or heart failure |
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|
Term
| What term is described as a vibration (like a cat purring) felt when a cardiac murmur is grade IV-VI / VI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves are responsible for S1 heart sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves are responsible for S2 heart sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gallop is S3? |
|
Definition
| Ventricular gallop (3 = three syllables = sys to le) |
|
|
Term
| What type of gallop is S4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valve makes an opening-snap sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With what condition are friction rubs heard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of murmurs are nearly all pathologic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of murmurs are nearly all benign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is mitral regurgitation a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tricuspid regurgitation a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Ventricular Septal Defect a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is aortic stenosis a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pulmonic stenosis a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is aortic regurgitation a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pulmonic regurgitation a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is mitral valve stenosis a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tricuspid valve stenosis a systolic or diastolic murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With inspiration what happens to blood flow into the heart? How does this affect murmurs? |
|
Definition
| More blood flows into the right side of the heart; More blood flow causes a split of S2,because the pulmonary valve is delayed in closing. All right sided murmurs become louder with inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Which murmurs are accentuated by standing? |
|
Definition
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse (both left sided dealing with systole) |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the valsalva maneuver have on blood flow in the heart? |
|
Definition
| Diminishes RV and LV filling |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the valsalva maneuver have on murmurs? |
|
Definition
| Since it diminishes flow, it diminishes most murmurs, except for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse |
|
|
Term
| What does squatting do to most murmurs? |
|
Definition
| Increases venous return and arterial resistance which causes an increase in most murmurs (except hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse) |
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