Term
| Name and describe the three levels of defense of the body. |
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Definition
1. The skin and organisms that inhabit it: Skin is a barrier; organisms set up unfavorable conditions for pathogens
2. Nonspecific Reaction- Inflammation: blocks entry of pathogens into the body, blocks spread of pathogens if they enter the body, eliminates pathogens and damaged cells, activation of the adaptive immune system
3. **Specific response: immune response |
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Term
| In the complement system, what does the C3 convertase do? |
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Definition
| Converts C3 to C3a and C3b |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in bone marrow that produce lymphocytes by mitotic division |
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Term
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Definition
| WBCs that originate in bone marrow and mediate the immune response: B cells, T cells |
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Term
| What are the two main lymphocytes in the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are B cells and what do they do? |
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Definition
They are a type of lymphocyte that remains in the bone marrow until it matures
They produce antibodies
They control antibody-mediated (humeral) immunity |
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Term
| What is a T cell and what does it do? |
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Definition
A type of lymphocyte that migrates to the thymus gland to mature
Has T cell receptors that bind to infected cells
Controls cell-mediated (cellular) immunity |
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Term
| The immune system has two interconnected parts, what are they and what connects the two? |
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Definition
-Antibody-mediated immunity, regulated by B cells and antibody production
-Cell-mediated immunity, controlled by T cells
The two systems are connected by helper T cells |
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Term
| B cells are genetically programmed to produce large quantities of unique ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific foreign molecules (antigens) and inactivate them
*some circulate in the blood and lymph; others remain attached to the surface of B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that initiate antibody production, carried or produced by microbes |
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Term
| Antibodies are Y-shaped protein molecules secreted by _______ (_______) __/________ that bind to specific antigens to form antigen-antibody complex |
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Definition
| effector (plasma) B cells |
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Term
| Antibodies belong to a large family of proteins known as __________ molecules. Define these molecules. |
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Definition
-Immunoglobulin (Ig)
-five classes or isotopes of proteins to which antibodies belong (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD), each with unique structure, size, and function |
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Term
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Definition
-Found on the surface of B cells and plasma cells
-very effective at killing bacteria
-avid complement activator
**First immunoglobulin to appear after immunization
-Natural antibody against blood group antigens A and B |
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Term
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Definition
-MOST ABUNDANT immunoglobulin in blood plasma
-produced during primary and secondary response
-**passes through placenta, providing protection to the fetus
-coats microbes, facilitating their phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
-produced by plasma cells in digestive, reparatory and urinary system
-Concentrates in body fluids and guards entrance to the body** |
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Term
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Definition
-present in trace amounts in serum
-produced by plasma cells in skin, tonsils, and digestive and respiratory systems
-coats and kills helminthic parasites**
-attaches to mast cells and mediates allergic reactions** |
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Term
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Definition
| remains attached to B cells and plays a role in initiating early B cell response |
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Term
| What is the structure of an antibody? |
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Definition
| antibodies are composed of two identical heavy-chain (H) polypeptides and two identical light-chain (L) polypeptides |
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Term
| How are antibodies formed? |
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Definition
| Somatic recombination in the heavy-chain (H) locus and in two light chain (L) loci during B cell maturation form billions of unique antigen-binding sites (structure is related to function) |
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Term
| What are 2 functions of antibodies? |
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Definition
-to recognize and bind antigens
-to inactivate antigens |
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Term
| Describe how antibodies bind to specific antigens |
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Definition
| in a "lock and key" manner |
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Term
| What are the regions on the light chains and heavy chains of an antibody where recombination occurs? |
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Definition
-Heavy chain= V-D-J region
-Light chain= V-J region |
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Term
| What are T-cell receptors (TCRs)? |
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Definition
unique proteins on the surface of T cells that bind to specific proteins on the surface of cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites
*T-cells are programmed in the thymus to produce unique T cell receptors |
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Term
| Each B cell makes only one type of _________ and each T cell makes only one type of _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding of an antibody on a B cell to an antigen stimulates what to happen? |
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Definition
| stimulates the B cell to divide, producing many B-cell clones with the same antibody |
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Term
| Binding of a TCR on a T cell to an antigen stimulates what to happen? |
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Definition
| stimulates that T cell to divide, producing many T-cell clones with the same TCR |
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Term
| What is the major histocompatability complex (MHC)? |
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Definition
-genes on chromosome 6 that encode cell recognition molecules that prevent the immune system from attacking a body's own organs and tissues
-Antigens attach to MHC molecules on surface of cell in order to activate cell mediated immunity |
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Term
| Define antibody-mediated immunity. |
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Definition
| -immune reaction mediated by B cells that protects against invading bacteria and viruses before they infect a cell using antibodies produced by effector (plasma) B cells |
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Term
| Define cell mediated immunity |
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Definition
| Immune reaction mediated by T cells directed against body cells that have been infected by viruses, parasites, some bacteria, cancer cells. |
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Term
| What are 2 functions of a helper T cell? |
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Definition
-stimulates production of antibodies by B cells when an antigen is present
-stimulates division of B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
| What is the process of the antigen detection stage of antibody-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| Naive B cell antibody binds to antigen and becomes antigen-presenting B cell |
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Term
| What is the process of the activation of helper T cell stage of antibody-mediated immune response |
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Definition
Naive Helper T cell TCR binds to antigen-MHC on antigen presenting B cell, which activates the helper T cell
-activated helper T cell activates the B cell |
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Term
| What is the process of antibody production by B cell during antibody mediated immune response? |
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Definition
| activated B cell forms two types of daughter cells: effector B cells and memory B cells |
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Term
| What are effector B cells? |
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Definition
| daughter cells of B cells, which synthesize and secrete 2,000 to 20,000 antibody molecules per second into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| a long-lived B cell produced after primary exposure to an antigen that plays an important role in secondary immunity |
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Term
| What is a big physical difference between unactivated and activated B cells? |
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Definition
| activated has more RER where proteins (antibodies) are being made |
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Term
| What is the function of Helper T cells (CD4+) |
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Definition
| stimulate division of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and production of antibodies by B cells |
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Term
| What is the function of suppressor T cells (CD8+) |
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Definition
| stop immune responses of B cells, other T cells |
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Term
| What is the function of cytotoxic "killer" T cells (CD8+) |
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Definition
| Secrete perforin to destroy infected body cells; directly attack viruses, bacteria, cancer cells, and transplanted organs |
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Term
| What is the function of memory T cells? |
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Definition
| activate the immune response if the same antigen is reintroduced |
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Term
| What is a primary immune response? |
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Definition
| B and T memory cells are produced as a result of the first infection by a specific antigen |
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Term
| What is a secondary immune response? |
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Definition
a second exposure to the same antigen (as in the primary immune response) results in an immediate, large scale production of killer T cells and antibodies
-the second response is faster, larger, and longer lasting than the first |
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Term
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Definition
| a preparation containing dead or weakened pathogens that elicits an immune response when injected into the body that produces memory cells |
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Term
| In ABO blood typing, individuals produce antibodies against any cell surface antigens that they do OR do not have?? |
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Definition
they produce antibodies against any cell surface antigens they do NOT have
Ex; A blood type= has A antigen on the surface of the RBCs |
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Term
| What is Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)? |
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Definition
a condition of immunological incompatibility between the mother and fetus that occurs when the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+
*Rh+ express Rh D antigen on their blood cells
*Rh- do NOT express Rh D antigen |
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Term
| What happens if a women who is Rh- gives birth to a baby who is Rh+? |
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Definition
| The mother's body will produce antibodies against the Rh+ cells. If she gets pregnant again and the baby is Rh+, the mother's circulating Rh+ antibodies will act against it |
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Term
| What is a haplotype? What is a good example of a haplotype? |
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Definition
a cluster of closely linked genes or markers that are inherited together
-HLA alleles on a specific copy of chromosome ^ are a haplotype |
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Term
| What is graft-versus-host disease? |
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Definition
| T cells from allogenic donor bone marrow or tissue react against recipient's antigens |
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Term
| What are hypersensitivity diseases? |
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Definition
| disorders caused by excessive or abnormal activation of the immune system in response to exogenous antigens or endogenous autoantigens |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity diseases are pathologically classified into four major groups, what are they? |
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Definition
-Type I: immediate reaction
-Type 2: antibody mediated reaction
-Type 3: immune complex-mediated reaction
-Type 4: T-cell mediated reaction |
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Term
| What is an example of a Type 1 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
-allergic reactions
-allergies are the result of immunological hypersensitivity to weak antigens that do not provoke an immune response in most people |
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Term
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Definition
-weak antigens that provoke an inappropriate immune response
-Include house dust, pollen, cat hair, certain foods, and medicine such as penicillin |
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Term
| What are some clinical examples of type 1 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| -hay fever, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock |
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Term
| What are the steps of a type 1 hypersensitivity response? (5) |
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Definition
-environmental antigen binds to antibody on naive B cell
-activates helper T cells
-B cells produce IgE
-IgE attaches to mast cells
-mast cells release mediators |
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Term
| Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by which immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 4 clinical examples of Type 2 mediated hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
-autoimmune hemolytic anemia
-goodpasture syndrome
-myasthenia gravis
-graves disease |
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Term
| Describe type 3 hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| a reaction mediated by immune complexes (antigens-antibody) that are formed in the circulation, deposit in vascular beds, stimulating complement activation and acute inflammation |
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Term
| What is the major clinical example of type 3 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe type IV hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| (delayed type hypersensitivty or T-cell mediated cytotoxicity) is mediated by T lymphocytes and macrophages, which typically aggregate at the site of injury to form granulomas |
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Term
| What are some major examples of type 4 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
-type 1 diabetes
-MS
-rheumatoid arthritis
-Crohn disease
-contact dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| the lack of immune responsiveness to one's own tissue antigens |
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Term
| What is central tolerance? |
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Definition
| immature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens in the central lymphoid organs (B cells in the bone and T cells in the thymus) are killed by apoptosis |
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Term
| What is peripheral tolerance? |
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Definition
| mature lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens in peripheral tissues are: functionally inactivated, suppressed by regulatory lymphocytes, die by apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
systemic autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies against self antigens (mainly nuclear antigens) and formation of immune complexes
-a chronic inflammatory CT disease that affects many organs, highly variable symptoms
-inherited susceptibility in Class 2 MHC and complement genes |
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Term
| Describe rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
Chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects mainly the joints
-proposed environmental trigger is activation of helper T cells by self antigen or microbial antigen |
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Term
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Definition
-a secondary immune deficiency
-HIV is a retrovirus that selectively infects and kills the T helper cells
-it is a virus in RNA that injects itself into your helper T cell that have a reverse transcriptase and turns the viral RNA into viral DNA which will go insert into the genome |
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Term
| Describe the acute phase of HIV infection |
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Definition
-infection of memory T cells in mucosal lymphoid tissues
-high levels of virus production: viremia
-signs of systemic infection |
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Term
| Describe the chronic phase of HIV infection |
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Definition
-virus is continuing to replicate
-immune system still largely intact
-minor opportunistic infections
-immune defenses diminish
-may last 7-10 years |
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Term
| Describe the crisis phase of HIV |
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Definition
-catastrophic breakdown of immune defenses
-marked increase in viremia
-AIDS defining conditions (serious opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, neurologic manifestations) |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of misfiled proteins that aggregate to form insoluble fibrils called amyloid |
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Term
| Amyloidosis is defined based on the physical properties of the fibers, what are they (3)? |
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Definition
-7.5-10 nm in diameter
-arranged in beta pleated sheets
-identified by Congo red staining |
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Term
| Definitive diagnosis of amyloidosis can only be determined by what? |
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Definition
| biopsy (demonstrating amyloid in tissue) |
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