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Medical Terminology
Chapter 3
235
Health Care
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2016

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Term
The musculoskeletal system consists of three different parts-
Definition
bones, joints (articulations), and muscles
Term
Bones are connected to one another by fibrous bands of tissue called _______.
Definition
ligaments
Term
Muscles are attached to the bone by bands of tissue called _______.
Definition
tendons
Term
The tough fibrous covering of the muscles is called the _______.
Definition
fascia
Term
Cartilage is ___________
Definition
is a flexible form of connective tissue that covers the is a flexible form of connective tissue that covers the ends of many bones, gives form to the external ear and tip of the nose, and provides support and protection to many other sites in the body.
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
the continual formation of blood
Term
-poiesis
Definition
formation
Term
rheumat/o
Definition
watery flow
Term
orthopedics
Definition
the specialty that deals with the majority of musculoskeletal disorders.
Term
orth/o
Definition
straight
Term
rheumatology
Definition
specialty that deals with disorders of connective tissue, including bone and cartilage.
Term
physiatry or physical medicine
Definition
concerns diagnosis and treatment of disease or injury with the use of physical agents, such as exercise, heat, massage, and light.
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
consists of skull, rib cage, and spine
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
shoulder bones, collar bones, pelvic bones, arms, and legs
Term
what are the five shapes of human bones?
Definition
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
matrix
Definition
material between the cells
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
cells that build bone
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
cells that break down bone cells to transform them
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
cells that break down bone cells to transform them
Term
compact bone
Definition
the osteocytes and matrix together make up this hard, outer layer
Term
spongy bone is also know as
Definition
cancellous bone
Term
spongy bone
Definition
within the compact bony tissue is a second layer of bony tissue
Term
where is the medulary cavity located?
Definition
within the spongy layer
Term
bone marrow produces what?
Definition
all of the blood cells needed by the body
Term
diaphysis
Definition
the long shaft of the long bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
the end of the bone
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
the areas where bone growth normally occurs
Term
when do the epiphyseal plates close?
Definition
around 16-25
Term
metaphysis
Definition
the epiphysis and the epiphyseal plate form this
Term
periosteum
Definition
the outer covering of the bone
Term
endosteum
Definition
the inner lining of the bone
Term
the endosteum and periosteum are responsible for what?
Definition
bone remodeling.
Term
depression
Definition
a hollow space in the bone
Term
processes
Definition
raised or projected areas where ligaments and tendons often attach
Term
foramen
Definition
opening or hole
Term
fossa
Definition
a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone
Term
sinus
Definition
a cavity or channel lined with a membrane
Term
condyle
Definition
a rounded projection at the end of a bone that anchors the ligaments and articulates with adjacent bones
Term
epicondyle
Definition
a projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle
Term
crest
Definition
narrow elongated elevation
Term
head
Definition
rounded usually proximal portion of some long bones
Term
spine
Definition
a thornlike projection
Term
trochanter
Definition
one of two bony projections on the proximal ends of the femurs as points of attachment for muscles
Term
tubercle
Definition
nodule or small raised area
Term
tuberosity
Definition
elevation or protuberance, larger than a tubercle
Term
What are the two parts the skull is made of?
Definition
cranium and facial bones
Term
What encloses and protects the brain?
Definition
cranium
Term
What are the bones of the cranium?
Definition
frontal, parietal,occipital, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, paranasal
Term
frontal bones
Definition
forms the anterior part of the skull and forehead
Term
parietal bones
Definition
form the sides of the cranium
Term
occipital bones
Definition
forms the back of the skull, notable large hole for spinal cord
Term
temporal bones
Definition
form the lower two sides of the cranium
Term
mastoid process
Definition
the posterior part of the bone behind the ear
Term
ethmoid bone
Definition
forms the roof and walls of the nasal cavity
Term
sphenoid bone
Definition
anterior to the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital bone
Term
paranasal sinuses
Definition
air filled cavities that are named for the bones in which they are located. each is lined with a mucous membrane.
Term
list the facial bones.
Definition
Zygoma, lacrimal, maxila, mandible, vomer, palatine, nasal turbinates, nasal bones
Term
zygoma
Definition
cheekbone
Term
lacrimal bones
Definition
paired bone sat the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts
Term
Maxilla
Definition
upper jaw bone, aka maxillary bone
Term
Vomer
Definition
bone that forms the posterior/inferior part of the nasal septal wall between the nostrils
Term
palatine bones
Definition
shell-shaped structures that make up part of the roof of the mouth
Term
nasal turbinates (conchae)
Definition
make up part of the interior of the nose
Term
nasal bones
Definition
pair of small bones that make up the bridge of the nose
Term
ribs
Definition
twelve pairs of thin, flat bones attached to the thoracic vertebrae in the back
Term
true ribs
Definition
seven pairs attached directly to the breastbone in the front of the body
Term
false ribs
Definition
five pairs attached to the sternum by cartilage. two are false ribs called floating ribs
Term
sternum is also known as what?
Definition
sternum
Term
xiphoid process
Definition
the sharp point at the most inferior aspect of the sternum
Term
describe the spinal or vertebral column
Definition
divided into five regions from the neck to the tailbone
Term
how many vertebrae are there?
Definition
26
Term
laminae processes
Definition
thin, platelike arches in the vertebrae
Term
facets
Definition
processes that articulate between vertebrae
Term
cervical
Definition
neck bones (C1-C7)
Term
thoracic
Definition
upper back (T1-T12)
Term
lumbar
Definition
lower back (L1-L15)
Term
sacral
Definition
sacrum (S1-S5) (five bones, fused)
Term
coccygeal
Definition
coccyx or tailbone
Term
acromion process
Definition
the lateral protrusion of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder
Term
clavicle
Definition
collarbone
Term
humerus
Definition
upper arm bone
Term
radius
Definition
lower lateral arm bone parallel to the ulna
Term
bones of the upper extremities
Definition
humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, phalanx
Term
radius
Definition
lower lateral arm bone parallel to the ulna.
Term
ulna
Definition
lower medial arm bone
Term
olecranon
Definition
proximal projection of the ulna that forms the tips of the elbow
Term
carpus
Definition
one of eight wrist bones
Term
metacarpus
Definition
one of the five bones that form the middle part of the hand
Term
phalanx
Definition
one of the 14 bones that constitute the fingers of the hand
Term
lower half of the appendicular skeleton
Definition
pelvis and lower extremities
Term
acetabulum
Definition
the socket into which the femoral head fits
Term
pelvic bones consist of what three bones?
Definition
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Term
Ilium
Definition
the superior and widest bone of the pelvis
Term
Ischium
Definition
the lower portion of the pelvic bone
Term
Pubis
Definition
the lower anterior part of the pelvic bone
Term
femur
Definition
thigh bone, upper leg bone
Term
patella
Definition
kneecap
Term
Tibia
Definition
shin bone, lower medial leg bone
Term
fibula
Definition
smaller, lower lateral leg bone
Term
malleolus
Definition
process on the distal ends of tibia and fibula
Term
tarsus
Definition
one of the seven bones of the ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot.
Term
calcaneus
Definition
heel bone
Term
metatarsus
Definition
five foot bones
Term
phalanx
Definition
one of the 14 toe bones
Term
joints
Definition
articulations
Term
ROM
Definition
range of motion
Term
sunarthroses
Definition
no ROM, immovable joints held together by fibrous cartilaginous tissue. ex. skull
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
limited ROM, held together by cartilage. ex. vertebrae
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
full ROM, free movement. Ex. knee or hip
Term
diarthroses are also known as what?
Definition
synovial joints
Term
which joint is the most complex?
Definition
synovial joints
Term
bursae
Definition
sacs of fluid that are located between the bones
Term
what cushions the joint when it moves?
Definition
bursae
Term
what are menisci?
Definition
shaped cartilage in the knee joint
Term
what are ligaments?
Definition
strong bands of white fibrous conn. tissue that connects one bone to another at the joints.
Term
what is muscle?
Definition
tissue that is composed of cells with the ability to contract and relax
Term
three types of muscle
Definition
skeletal, smooth, heart
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
striated and allows the skeleton to move voluntarily
Term
smooth muscle is
Definition
responsible for involuntary movement of the organs
Term
Heart muscle
Definition
pumps blood to the circulatory system
Term
tendons are what?
Definition
strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones
Term
the origin
Definition
the bone that is at the end of the attachment and nearest to the trunk
Term
the action is what?
Definition
the function of the muscle
Term
antagonistic muscles
Definition
the muscles that contain a flexor and extensor
Term
synergistic muscles
Definition
work together to refine a movement
Term
naming devices
Definition
location, number of insertions, size, shape, muscle action, origin/insertion
Term
extension
Definition
process of stretching out; increasing the angle of a joint
Term
flexion
Definition
process of decreasing the angle of a joint
Term
abduction
Definition
process of carrying away from the midline
Term
adduction
Definition
process of carrying toward the midline
Term
supination
Definition
turning the palm upward
Term
pronation
Definition
turning the palm downward
Term
dorsification
Definition
process of bending back
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
lowering the foot; pointing the toes away from the skin
Term
eversion
Definition
process of turning out
Term
inversion
Definition
process of turning in
Term
protraction
Definition
process of pulling forward; the forward movement of a muscle
Term
retraction
Definition
process of backward pulling; the backward movement of a muscle
Term
rotation
Definition
process of a one turning on its axis
Term
circumduction
Definition
process of carrying around; circular motion
Term
calcaneus
Definition
heel
Term
word root for clavicle
Definition
clavicul/o
Term
coccyx defn. and WR
Definition
tailbone; coccg/o
Term
ab-
Definition
away from
Term
ex-, e-
Definition
out
Term
pro-
Definition
forward
Term
re-
Definition
back
Term
syn-
Definition
together, joined
Term
-blast
Definition
embryonic
Term
-clast
Definition
breaking down
Term
-cyte
Definition
cell
Term
-oid
Definition
full of, milk
Term
-physis
Definition
growth
Term
-poiesis
Definition
formation
Term
-sis
Definition
condition
Term
-um
Definition
structure
Term
achondoplasia
Definition
disorder of the development of cartilage at the epiphyses
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
group of disorders with inherited progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle
Term
polydactyl
Definition
condition of more than five fingers or toes on one hand
Term
spina bifida occulta
Definition
congenital malformation of the bony spinal canal without involvement of the spinal cord
Term
syndactyl
Definition
condition of the joining of the fingers or toes, webbed
Term
tallipes
Definition
clubfoot
Term
torticollis
Definition
contraction of the muscles of the neck, wryneck
Term
osteodynia
Definition
bone pain
Term
ostelitis deformans
Definition
paget disease
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
rickets, bone softening
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
inflammation/infection of the bone and bone marrow
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
loss of bone mass, fragile bones
Term
chrondomalacia
Definition
cartilage softening
Term
costochondritis
Definition
inflammation of rib cartilage
Term
dorsalgia
Definition
upper back pain
Term
lumbago
Definition
lower back pain
Term
pathologic fractures
Definition
spontaneous fractures
Term
sprain
Definition
traumatic injury involving the ligaments
Term
strain
Definition
overuse or overstretching of muscle or tendon
Term
dislocation
Definition
bone that is completely out of its place in a joint
Term
subluxation
Definition
if the bone is partially out of its joint
Term
compartment syndrome
Definition
swelling within the fascia, increased pressure limits blood supply which causes nerve and muscle damage
Term
colles
Definition
fracture at distal end of the radius at epiphysis
Term
comminuted
Definition
crushed or shattered bone
Term
complicated
Definition
broken bone that pierces an internal organ
Term
compression
Definition
fractured area of bone collapses on itself
Term
greenstick
Definition
partially bent, partially broken
Term
hairline
Definition
minor fracture
Term
impacted
Definition
broken bones with ends driven into each other
Term
salter-harris
Definition
fracture of epiphyseal plate in children
Term
arthrography
Definition
xray of joint
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
visual exam of joint
Term
computed tomography
Definition
imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for dianostics
Term
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
Definition
measures bone density
Term
electromyography
Definition
records electrical activities of muscles
Term
myelogram
Definition
xray of spinal canal with contrast medium
Term
goniometry
Definition
measuring a joint's ROM
Term
Phalen test
Definition
diagnostic test where the back of the hands are pressed together to to elicit the symptoms of CTS
Term
rheumatoid factor
Definition
lab test for RF present in the blood
Term
serum calcium
Definition
measure calcium in the blood
Term
malunion
Definition
when a bone does not mend and align correctly
Term
nonunion
Definition
when no healing of a bone takes place
Term
sequestrum
Definition
a piece of bone that does not have a renewed blood supply and dies
Term
debridement
Definition
removal of debris
Term
external fixation
Definition
non invasive stabilization of broken bones
Term
internal fixation
Definition
use of pins, screws, plates, and so one to correct broken bone alignement
Term
reduction
Definition
alignment and immobilization of the ends of a broken bone. aka manipulation
Term
O.R.I.F.
Definition
open reduction using internal fixation
Term
C.R.E.F.
Definition
closed reduction using external fixation
Term
kyphoplasty
Definition
minimally invasive procedure to address the pain of a fractured vertebrae
Term
laminectomy
Definition
removal of one or more of the bony arches of the vertebrae to relieve compression
Term
myorrhaphy
Definition
muscle suture
Term
operative ankylosis
Definition
used in treatment of spinal fractures
Term
osteoclasis
Definition
refracture to fix malunion
Term
osteoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of a bone
Term
spondylosyndesis
Definition
spinal fusion
Term
syndesmoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of a ligament
Term
tenomyoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of a muscle and a tendon
Term
analgesics
Definition
reduce pain ex. hydro
Term
antiinflammatories
Definition
reduce inflammation and pain. ex. NSAIDS
Term
bisphosphonates
Definition
prevent and sometimes reverse bone loss
Term
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
Definition
slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis while reducing signs and symptoms
Term
muscle relaxants
Definition
relieve muscle pain spasms
Term
A
Definition
action
Term
C1-C7
Definition
first cervical through seventh
Term
CR
Definition
closed reduction
Term
CTS
Definition
carpal tunnel syndrome
Term
DEXA
Definition
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
Term
DIP
Definition
distal interphalangeal joint
Term
DJD
Definition
degenerative joint disease
Term
Fx, #
Definition
fracture
Term
I
Definition
insertion
Term
L1-L5
Definition
first lumbar through fifth
Term
MD
Definition
muscular dystrophy
Term
O
Definition
origin
Term
PIP
Definition
proximal interphalangeal joint
Term
RF
Definition
rheumatoid factor
Term
SLE
Definition
systemic lupus erythematosus
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