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Old St. Peter's 

320 AD

Early Christian

Longitudinally planned church

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Interior of the Santa Costanza, Rome

350 AD

Early Christian

-Martyrium

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Hagia Sophia

Architects: Anthemius and Isidorus

532 AD

            -Commissioned by Justinian

            -Centrally and longitudinally planned church; was meant to show cohesion among the church, with had split into the Catholic (West) and Greek Orthodox (East) churches. Catholics preferred longitudinally planned ones and the Greek Orthodox preferred centrally planned churches

            -Has two smaller domes to act as buttresses and support the large dome

            -Dome is pierced with small windows to help transfer weight to the ribs running down the dome; also relieves some of the weight

            -Byzantines used cut glass for their mosaics and gold for the backgrounds; using gold and glass increased the amount of light in the interior of the church

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Martyrium of San Vitale

Byzantine

-Centrally planned church; octogan  

-Justinian and Theodora: mosaics on either side of the apse

                        -Theodora was essentially a stripper

                        -Justinian holds the basket for the communion bread and Theodora held the chalice for the wine

                        -Neither of them had ever actually been to this church

                        -Was not acceptable to have contemporary figures in church artwork, so they included the bishop to get him to allow it

            Bishop Maximianus: was further forward than Justinian in the mosaic, which was a great honor

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Pontacrator, Cathedral at Monreale, Italy

Byzantine

1180 AD 

-Byzantines often used gold in the background of their images

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Virgin and Child Icon

Artist: Theotokos

11th Century

Byzantine

Sutton Hoo

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Purse cover from Sutton Hoo, ship burial in Suffolk, England

625 AD

Early Medieval Europe

-Has cloisonee, animal style and interlacing

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Chi-rho-iota page, Book of Kells, Scotland

Late 8th Century

Early Medieval European

-Book of Kells is considered the most valuable object in the world; doesn’t have a set monetary value

            -Monasteries were self-sustaining; they produced the paper and pigment from the materials available around the monastery 

Individual pages of the codex

Matthew's Symbol

"Charles the Great"

First Holy Roman Emperor; crowned by the Pope.

            Ruled modern France, Germany, and Gaul 

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Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne

Medieval Europe - Carolingian 

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Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

790 AD

Medieval Europe - Carolingian

-Centrally-planned

            -Multi-colored stone arches; inspired by arches in Spain

            -Charlemagne worshipped on a throne on the second level while his family worshipped on the bottom level; makes him the intermediary between God and his people

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Saint Michael’s at Hildesheim

1000 AD

Medieval Europe - Ottonian

-Longitudinally planned church

            -Was badly damaged during WWII

            -Has second transept at the Western end

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Otto II enthroned, Gospel Book of Otto III

Medieval Europe - Ottonian

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Doors of Saint Michael's

1000 AD

Medieval Europe - Ottonian

-Doors that led into the monastery

            -Illustrate the fall and salvation of man; stories of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel

            -Fall of man in Genesis on left side; life of Christ on the right side

Prior to 1000, everyone thought the world was going to end at the turn of the millenium. When it didn’t they thought God didn’t want them and decided they had lost their faith and the Holy Land; they began going on pilgrimages and crusades to regain God’s favor

If you were a woman, old, or too poor to go on a Crusade, you could go on a pilgrimage. The length you went depended on how far you went or how many you took.

You could go to the Holy Land, which was a dangerous trip, Rome, Pisa, Santiago de Compostela, which was the most popular

Religous war/trip. You had to be a wealthy, adult man to go on a Crusade, because you had to pay for everything.

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Head Reliquary of Saint Alexander

1145 BC

Medieval Europe - Romanesque

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 Saint-Sernin, France

1070 AD

Medieval Europen - Romanesque

-Has radiating chapels

1. Overall blockiness

2. Grouping of large simple geometric masses

3. Modular Plan

4. Exterior Reflects interior

5. Barrel and groin vaults and rib vaulting

6. Rounded arches

7. Increase in verticality

Romanesque Church:

Overall blockiness

Heavy and blocky; scares people into being good

  Because of the blockiness, the space becomes very divided and modular. Heaviness blocks sight of other portions of the building; like the aisle or apse.

Romanesque Church:

Grouping of large simple geometric masses

Romanesque Church:

Exterior reflects interior

Romanesque Church:

Barrel and groin vaults and rib vaulting

Romanesque Church:

Increase in verticality

Use of long, vertical rectangles to make the building look even taller than it is

-Most Romanesque churches have 2 floors: nave arcade and second-floor gallery

-Romanesque: dark and scary

-Gothic: light and airy

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West Façade of Saint-Étienne

1067 AD

Medieval Europe - Romanesque

-Was built by William the Conquerer to celebrate the conquering of England

-Interior has rib-vaulting covering groin vaults and a third floor

Tympanum

-Often had Last Judgement scenes

Trumeau

-Column that took the weight off of the lintel, instead of a relieving triangle

Voussoirs

-Individual portions of the archivolts

Archivolts

-Curved arches over the doors

Lintel

-Post across the jambs

Jambs

-Vertical posts holding up the lintel

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Lions and Old Testament prophet

1115 AD

Romanesque

-Carved with female lions in an interlacing pattern

            -Has figure of either Isaiah or David; is extremely flat, feet are curved along wall 

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 Last Judgment west tympanum of Saint-Lazare

1120 AD

Romanesque

Tympanum has Last Judgment scene; damned on the right (Christ’s left); shows people being taken out of their graves and brought to the next life to have their souls weighed

            -Puppet-like figures

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Saint-Denis, Paris

1140 AD

Gothic - France

Abbot Suger: Builder of Saint-Denis; he had the money for it because it was the burial place for the kings of France, so he could get money from the Royal House to build it

-Pointed arches

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Chartres Cathedral, Chartes, France

1134 AD

Gothic - France

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Virgin and Child with Angels, Chartes

1135 AD

Gothic - France

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Rose Window, Chartes

1135 AD

Gothic - France

First rose window; rose was symbolic of Mary; has much of its original stained glass, which was hidden during the revolution and brought back after

Point from which the arched, curved part begins

-Pinnacle

            -Flying Buttresses

            -Vaulting Web

            -Diagonal Rib

            -Transverse Rib

            -Springing

            -Clerestory

            -Oculus

            -Lancet

            -Triforium

            - Nave Arcade

  -Compound Pier with Shafts 

            -You can see the bones

            -Can’t see the chapels from the outside

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Amiens Cathedral

1220 AD

Architects: Robert de Luzarches, Thomas Cormont, Renaud, Cormont

French Gothic

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Sainte Chapelle, Paris

1245 AD

French Gothic

-Was built to hold the relics of the Passion, especially the crown of thorns

-Financed by Louis IX

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Saint Chapelle, interior

-Had second level for Louis IX to worship on, while others worshipped on the bottom level

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Old Testament Kings and Queens, Jamb figures of west façade of Chartres Cathedral

1135 AD

French Gothic

-Old Testament Kings and Queens are on the jambs and foretell the story of Christ; the story of Christ is on the tympanum, so the jambs also act as a metaphor for the Old Testament Kings and Queens being the predecessors of Christ

            -Similar to caryatids; but they don’t completely take the place of the column

-Mary and Christ, Christ in Glory, and Christ’s Ascension are depicted in the three typanums

 -Figures are more life-like and less like puppets         

            -More of a focus on Christ’s life, rather than his Divinity

            -Interact with each other, rather than looking at the audience

            -Contrapposto

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Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory, Jamb Figures Porch of the Confessors, Chartes

1220 AD

French Gothic

-Figures are much more realistic; actually have something to stand on

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Saint Theodore, Jamb figure, Porch of the Martyrs, Chartes

1230 AD

French Gothic

            -In same place as the the three Saints, but was sculpted later than they were

            -Has more muscle tone, better depicted cloth drapery, and contrapposto than the other saints 

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Annunciation & Visitation, Reims Cathedral

French Gothic

-Show the Annunciation; Gabriel coming to Mary and telling him that she will bear the son of God, and Visitation; Mary visiting cousin Elisabeth, who was pregnant with John the Baptist

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Virgin of Paris

Early 14th Century

French Gothic

-Very tall and elegant, more realistic

-In park-like rural settings, rather than urban settings, like in France

            -Colored stones

            -Tall, single spire

            -Façade is more ornate than the rest of the building

            -More horizontality

            -Accentuated transepts and second ones

-Fan vaults

What type of church is this?

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