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| The systematic, scientific study of behavior and mental process. |
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| Not Directly Observatable; Thinking, Imagining, Dreaming, ect... |
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Wundt studied elements of the mind through Introspection.
Trained people to report elements; primarily sensations and perceptions. |
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James studied the evolved funtions of thoughts and feelings. Based on Theory of evolution.
Suggested the function of thoughts and feelings was addaptive. |
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Freuds theory, that people had underlying childhood expierences that greatly influed their adult life.
Freud also emphaized on the unconscious mind and its effect on behavior |
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Started in 1900
Completely emphasized on study of behavior instead of the mind or mental thoughts
Objective, scientific analysis of observable behavior.
Watson's expirement. |
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| Behavioral Approach Today |
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| Studies how people lean or modify behaviors depending on whether event in their enviroments reward or punish. |
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| Behavior is learned thru observation, imitation, and modeling |
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| Ability to retain information over time thru the process of encoding, storing and retrieving |
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| The three types of Memory |
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| Sensory, short, and longterm Memory. |
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| Recieves and hold enviroment information in its raw form for a brief period of time. |
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| The process from Sensory to Short Term |
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| By paying attention, if not it is forgotten. |
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Automatically holds visual info for a quarter of a second.
When you shift attention info disappears |
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| Hold auditory info for a second or two. |
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| Functions of Sensory Information |
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- Prevents being overwhelmed
- Gives decision time
- Provides stablitly, playback, and recognition
- Echoic is import for speech and language |
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-Hold information of 2 - 30 seconds.
-Can hold 7 pieces of information(Give or take two) |
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| Selectively attend to info that is relevant and disregard everything else |
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| Helps to store or encoded information into long term memory |
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| Combining seperate items or info into a large until then remember chunks of info rather than single items. |
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| Can store unlimited amount of info over long periods of time with potential to retieving such info in the future. |
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| Better recall of infor present at the beginning of a task |
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| Better recall of info presented at the end of a task |
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| Primacy and Recency Effect |
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| Together known as Serial Position effects |
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Info better retained when rehearsed over time
Better than craming info in at once. |
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Scuba Example.
People do better on tests if taken in the same enviroment that information was learned in. |
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- Mental reminders created by forming vivid metal images.
- Creating associations between new info and info we already knew
- Memories filter or fill in missing pieces of info to make our recall more coherent (Like the sleep exercise) |
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Attributing to the wrong source of an event that we experienced, heard, read or imagined.
Weakest part of memory is its Source.
In many cases, we retained the image but not the context in which it was aquired. |
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| Semantic, and Episodic memory. |
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| Knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, language. |
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| Knowledge of specific events, personal experiences or activites. |
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| Procedural(non-declarative Memory) |
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| Involves Memory of Motor skills |
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| Is the process of transfering information from Short term to long term memory by paying attenting, rehearsing, or forming new associations |
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Transfers info from short to long term without any effort usually without awarness.
- Personal events
- Intresting Facts
- Skills and Habbits |
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Transfer from short into long term by Working hard to repeat or rehearse the info
Making associations between new and old info |
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| Repeating the info rather than forming any new associations. |
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| Using effort to actively make meaningful associations between old and new info |
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Vivid recollections, usually in great detail.
Dramatic or emotional incidents. |
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| Levels of Processing Theory |
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- Remember depends on how info is encoded
- Shallow processing = to poor recall
- Deeper and Deepst processing (Encoded by making associations ) = Better recall |
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| The ability to retieve and reproduce info encountered earlier. |
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| is the ability to identify info previously observed, heard, or read. |
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We store related ideas in separate categories called nodes
As we make associations among info links are made among thousands of nodes. |
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| Organization of Network Hierarchy |
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| Nodes contain related info oraganized around a sepcific topic or category. |
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- Storage Decay shown by Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.
- Unfamiliar or unintresting info
- Longer time harder to remember as shown by Ebbinghaus's chart(Adventually levels off.) |
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| The forgetting process in which the recall of some particular memory is blocked. |
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| Old info disrupts the remembering of related new info. |
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| New info disrupts the rerieval of related old info. |
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- Loss of Memory due to injurt, brain damage, or disease
- May be Temporary or permanent |
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We misremember something due to memory distortion cause by source misattribution, bias, or suggestability.
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Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
- Reasons why? |
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Definition
- Strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled but temporarily unable to do it.
Why
- Encoded with inadequate retrieval cues
- Interference from similar sounding name/objects |
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| Repression(Freudian Theory) |
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Definition
Mental process that automatically hides emotionally threating or anxiety-producing info in the unconscious.
- Cannot be recalled voluntairily
- Something may cause them to enter consciousness at later time. |
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