Term
| What are the six most abundant elements in life? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,Phosphorus, Sulfur |
|
|
Term
What is Oxidation?
What is Reduction?
Rank C-H
C-C
C-O
in order of stablity? |
|
Definition
Oxidation is a loss of an electron.
Reduction is the gain of an electron
C-H (lest stable)*(most reduced)
C-C intermdiate
C-O most stable(most oxidized) |
|
|
Term
What are C-H bonds used for in terms of storage?
What are C,O and C,H used in terms of storage? |
|
Definition
C-H are for long term storage
C-O are for intermeidate storage |
|
|
Term
Which are more stable, phosphates or diphosphates?
What are phosphates used for in terms of energy storage?
|
|
Definition
| Phosphates. Phosphates store energy for short term use. |
|
|
Term
What are lipids? What happens when they are unsaturated?
|
|
Definition
| Lipids are long chain of reduced carbons. Unsaturated lipids have a kink in the carbon chain. Saturated lipids have no double bonds. |
|
|
Term
| How are lipids metabolized? |
|
Definition
| Straight lipid chains oare difficult to metabolize. With fatty acid(ie triglyceride) they can be metabolized. |
|
|
Term
How many Carbons are in a simple carbohydrate?
Are most carbons in carbohydrates partially oxidized? |
|
Definition
5 to 6 carbons that can be a chain or ring.
Yes most carbons are partially oxidized. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of a polysaccharide? |
|
Definition
| Energy storage and creating rigid structures |
|
|
Term
glucose + fructose=?
galactose +glucose=?
What is glycogen?
|
|
Definition
glucose + fructose=Sucrose
galactose +glucose=Lactose
Glycogen is branching chains of glucose.
|
|
|
Term
What is a protein?
When do peptide bonds form?
What is an average protein size?
What is the largest protein? |
|
Definition
Protein is a polymer made of amino acids.
-Peptide bonds form when a basic group interacts with an acidic group.
-The average protein size is 250 amino acids.
-The larges protein is Tittin and its 3450 amino acids, |
|
|
Term
| What is protein orginization? |
|
Definition
Primary:amino acid sequence
Secondary: folding of small domains(ie a-helix and B pleated sheets)
Tertiary: folding of the entire protein.
Quaternary: Assembly of all tertiary protein strands.(not in all proteins) |
|
|
Term
| What is a chaperone protein? |
|
Definition
| Chaperone proteins bind to other proteins to help assume their native conformation. |
|
|
Term
| What are some similarties between microbes and humans? |
|
Definition
1.Lipid's and polysaccharides for energy
2.Lipids used in membrane
3.Polysaccharides for support
4.Protein made from nucleic acid
5.Nucleic acid for information. |
|
|
Term
| What are types of Nucleic acid? What does it consist of? |
|
Definition
DNA
RNA
Nucleic acid consists of nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
What are the three types of RNA? What are they used for?
What makes up nucleic acid? |
|
Definition
mRNA= template for protein synthesis
tRNA=bring amino acids to ribosome
rRNA=component of ribosome
Phosphate group+5C sugar+nitrogenous base=Nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are Nucleic acid backbones? |
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid back bone is sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many nucleotides can make up a strand of RNA?
What makes RNA less stable?
|
|
Definition
| 100,000 nucleotides and the OH in RNA makes it less stable |
|
|
Term
| How is DNA held together? How many bases can be in a single strand? |
|
Definition
| DNA is held together by Hydrogen bonding and can have a million bases. |
|
|
Term
| What is an inclusion body? |
|
Definition
| Inclusion bodies are used to store energy containg material. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three bacterial shapes? What are examples of each? |
|
Definition
Cocci: examples include steptococcus and Staphylococcus.
Bacillus: examples include e.coli
Spiral rods: spirilla= rigid
spirochetes=flexible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The septum grows inward from the sides of the cell splitting the cell into two daughter cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two prokayotic cytoskeleton proteins? What do they do? |
|
Definition
MreB=similar to actin, forms a coil in rod shaped bacteria.
FtsZ-similar to tubilin, associates around the septum.
Zring goes around septum causing septation.(like zip tie being pulled) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram staining allows for gram positive and gram negative bacteria to be idetified. |
|
|
Term
What is the gram staining process?
Why do gram positive stay____? |
|
Definition
Gram + (stay white):Fixiation: Gram - (stay white)
Gram + (Purple) :Crystal violet(1 min): Gram- (Purple)
Grams + (Purple) :Grams iodine:Gram - (Purple)
Gram + (Purple): 95% ethanol:Gram - (White)
Gram + (Purple):Safranin(1 min): Gram -(Pink)
-Gram positive stay purple becuase they have simpler cell envelope that allows dye to stain the cell. |
|
|
Term
Gram positive bacteria can be what shapes?
What is special about their cell wall? |
|
Definition
Gram positive bacteria can only be bacilli or cocci.
The cell wall is a single molecule.
|
|
|
Term
| What is Gram positive cell walls made of? |
|
Definition
| The cell wall consists of sugar chains linked by peptide bonds. These sugar chains are glucose derivates called N-acetyl Glucosamine(NAG) and N-acetyl Muramic Acid(NAM). |
|
|
Term
| How do NAM and NAG make up cell walls of gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
| NAM and NAG link together to form a cell wall by peptide bonds. Chains form off NAM that consist of amino acids D-alanine, D-Gutamate and Diaminopimelic Acid.(Odd amino acids) These chains connect to other chains of NAM molecules strengthening the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| What does Penicillin do? specifically to gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Penacillin prevents bacteria cell wall from forming. It blocks the NH in the Dalanine that would be connecting with another chain off of a NAM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a covalently bonded peptidoglycan.
It has phosphate acid groups.
It makes cell walls acidic which protects against enzymes that digest cell walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A capsule is a thick layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall. It protects against:
1. enzymes
2.Antibiotics
3. Immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a crystalline protein coat. That provides an aditional layer of protection in Gram positive bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flagellum propel bacteria by rotating. It operated by a rotor system. The most outide ring is Lring, then the Pring then the rotor and then the C ring(look at image for clarification) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fimbriae are thin protein tubes that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between gram positive and Gram negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
Gram positive have 9 amino acids while gram negative have 4 amino acids.
Gram + have thick cell walls while gram - have thin cell walls.
Gram + have a thin periplasm while gram - have a thick periplasm
Gram + have no outer membrane while gram - do.
Gram + have teichoic acid while gram - have lipo proteins/ lipopolysaccharides . |
|
|
Term
| What makes up a Lipopolysaccharide and what is it? |
|
Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides make up the outer part of the mebrane in gram negative bacteria. It consits of the Oantigen, Corpolysacharide and Lipid A(glucosamine phosphate dimer+ Fatty acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is part of LPS and is a disaccharide of phosphorolated glucosamine attached to 4 fatty acids.
*it can cause endotoxic shock in people. |
|
|
Term
| What is the core polysaccaride? |
|
Definition
| Consists of ten sugars and mostly uniform across gram negative speicies. Its part of a LPS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The O antigen adheres to surfaces and is extremly variable among different gram negative bacteria. It is part of the LPS. |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer membrane? What bacteria is it found in? |
|
Definition
| The outer membrane is only found in gram negative bacteria. It is held to the cell wall by lipoproteins. It consists of phospholipids ad LPS. It has porins embedded in its membrane.4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the three domains of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some similarties between Archaea and other domains? |
|
Definition
Similart to eukaryoes and bacteria while ahving bacteria like cytoplasmic components.
-Ribosomes are similar to eukaroyes since they are larger.
-have a phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Archaea and Bacterial membranes? |
|
Definition
| Archaea have ether linked lipids. The lipid branches also have short carbond branches. The molecule is called Isoprenoid. |
|
|
Term
| What are some Archea oddities? |
|
Definition
Some Archaea have sulfur instead of phosphate in their membranes.
-Someimtes cell walls are made of proteins.
-Sometimes no cell wall.
-Larger ribosomes resemble eukaryotes.
|
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between Archaea and EU bacteria? |
|
Definition
1.Eu bacteria have ester linked lipeds while Archea have ether linked lipids.
2.Eu bacteria have no lipid branches while Archea have fatty acid branches.
3.Eu bacteria have no isoprenoid and archea have isoprenoid.
4. Eu bacteria have a lipid bilayer while Archaea have a mono or bilayer.
5.Eu bacteria have peptidoglycan while Archaea have Pseudopeptidoglycan.
|
|
|
Term
| What is Pseudopeptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
-NAM is replaced with a different sugar.
-The sugars are linked at the 1-3 carbon, not 1-4.
-Uses noraml amino acids for peptide chain. |
|
|
