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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes. |
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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin. |
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Definition
| 1st Line physical factor: Traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. |
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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes. |
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Definition
1st line physical factor: Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth.
Chemical factor: Contains lyosome, urea, and uric acid, which inhibit microbes; and immunoglobin A, which prevents attachment of microbes to mucous membranes. Slight acidity discourages microbial growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Filter out microbes and dust in nose. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Together with mucus, trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Prevents microbes from entering lower respiratory tract. |
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Definition
1st line physical factor: Washes microbes from urethra.
Chemical Factor: Contains lysozyme, urea, and uric acid, which inhibit microbes; slight acidity discourages microbial growth. |
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Term
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Definition
1st line physical factor: Move microbes out of female reproductive tract.
Chemical Factors: Slight acidity discourages bacterial and fungal growth. |
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Term
| Peristalsis, defecation, and vomiting |
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Definition
| 1st line physical factor: Expel microbes from body. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line chemical factor: Forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits growth and many microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line chemical factor: Enzyme that digests peptidoglycan in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and tissue fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line Chemical Factor: Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: Carry O2 and CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: Involved in blood clotting and inflammation. Expand and stick totheter to trap RBCs and WBCs. Kept inactive until needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line granulocyte: Essential blood phagocytes; active engulfers and killers of bacteria. Indicate bacterial infection if there is an increase of these in blood smear, help depict type of pneumonia (ex:viral vs bacterial). |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line Granulocyte: Function in inflammatory events and allergies. Work with IgD. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line Granulocyte: Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: Specialized tissue cells similar to basophils that trigger local inflammatory reactions and are responsible for many allergic symptoms. Blocks bad proteins that can be introduced during bug bites. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: Blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation mature into macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: Largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells; strategic participants in certain specific immune reactions. Involved in almost every reaction, eats debris from cut/ puncture wound, highest concentration, sends chemicals to call for more WBCs, increase heat and temp makes them more ravenous, one of few things can travel to brain. Activates third line by becoming antigen presenting. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: Relatives of macrophages that reside throughout the tissues and RES; responsible for processing foreign matter and presenting it to lymphocytes.Usually found in skin, cannot circulate through body, turned off until an antigen shows up (ex:pollen), will also become an APC if the antigen come through the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: Primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: Perform a number of specific cellular immune responses such as assisting B cells and killing foreign cells (cell mediated immunity). Can form T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, T delayed cells, T memory cells, and T suppressor cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: Differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (Humoral immunity). Can form plasma cells or B memory cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line defensive cells: Phagocytosis by cell such as neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line defensive cells: Kill infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes. Phagocytes then kill the infected microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line defensive cells: Confines and destroys microbes and initiates tissue repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line defensive cells: Intensifies the effect of interferons, inhibits growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line antimicrobial substance: Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line antimicrobial substance: Protect uninfected host cells from viral infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line antimicrobial substance: Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron. |
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Term
| Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) |
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Definition
| 2nd line antimicrobial substance: Inhibit cell wall synthesis, from pores in the plasma membrane that cause lysis; and destroy DNA and RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator: chemicals that are released. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, cytokine: Chemical signaling molecule, calls WBC to location, bone marrow kicked into action. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, cytokine: Tells macrophage becomes antigen presenting cell and turn on 3rd line of defense, also turns on dendritic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, cytokine: Increase temperature to kill organism (local or full body fever) activates fever, works with APC and neutrophils. (ex: help with MS) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, cytokine: Promote cell death- cancer, increase cell leakage (edema). |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Mast cells degranulates and release histamine. Promote fluid release to flush out stuff. Ex: runny eyes and nose. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Produced by the brain, increases pain (make aware of issue), constrict smooth muscle (Blood vessels). |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Form a blood clot (vit. K), more solid, Ex: pickling @ scabs, pull off blood clot/reopen wound. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Produced from the destruction of bacteria within a macrophage- released (communicate with other bacteria), increase WBC to the site of injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Work with mast cells to increase histamine release. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Increase pain as an indicator, increase WBC. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line inflammatory mediator, mediator: Platelets activated when there is an insult, proteins that turn platelets on to get sticky and for mesh work. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line Immunoglobulins: IgMs are the first circulating antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen; their concentration n the blood then declines reapidly. Thus the presence of IgM consists of five y shaped momomers arranged in a pentagonal structure. THe numerous antigen-binding sites make it very effective in agglutinating antigens and in reactions involving complement. IgM is too large to cross the placenta and does not confer maternal immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line Immunoglobulins: IgG is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies. It readily crosses the walls of blood vessels and enters tissue fluids. IgG also crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity on the fetus. IgG protects against bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the blood and lymph, and triggers action of the complement system. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line Immunoglobulins: IgA is produced by cells in mucous membranes. The main function of IgA is to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial surfaces. IgA is also found in many body secretions, such as saliva, perspiration, and tears. Its presence in the first milk produced helps protect the infant from gastrointestinal infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line Immunoglobulins: IgD antibodies do no activate the complement system and cannot cross the placenta. They are mostly found on the surfaces of B cells, probably functioning as antigen receptors that help initiate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B Cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line Immunoglobulins: IgE molecules are slightly larger than IgG and represent only a small fraction of the antibodies in the blood. The tails attach to mast cells and basophils and, when triggered by an antigen, cause the cells to release histamine and other chemicals that cause an allergic reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: Largest organ in the body, Ph 6-6.5, oil give skin a nice luster, sweat (natural coolant), cooler temperature than core (problem with leprosy which likes cooler temperatures), oil glands lubricate skin so it is elastic and slippery (releases sebum), nerves, and hair. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: Natural coolant, has iron zinc salt lysozyme. Zinc kills organisms, salt allows H2O out of cells, lysozyme affects cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: Contains normal flora organisms, contacts and infections due to changed environment, rears release a little bit of mucus and tears when you blink (lysozyme produced, mucus traps thinks, macrophages), eyelashes prevent attachment of organisms, eye mites (arthropods that live in eye lashes and clean up after you). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: ear wax (acidic pH that organisms do not like), hair, oils (make things slick), infections usually come from different site then outer ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: Organisms that get into lungs cause pneumonia, TB ect, cilia (sweeping motion prevents attachment), mucus (flushing action prevetns attchment), NFO, Mast cells (release histamine). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: Bronchi/ Trachea, cilia, mucus. Have macrophages taht eat things that are not supposed to be there. If you are nutritionally deprived, you will not produce good levels of cilia which are made from protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: NFO, saliva, teeth (smash organisms), growth hormones (heal things quickly so organisms are not given an opportunity to enter), mucus. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: HCL (pH 2, cracks parasite eggs which aids in hatching, H. Pylori, E. coli, and salmonella can survive), mucus, protease/enzymes that destroy protein (breaks down cell wall of organisms). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: mucus, enzymes, bile (emulsifier: keeps things in suspension), worms will live here. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: mucus, NFO (500 species, produce vit. k and biotin), fecal material (fecal coliforms). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: pH 6 in urine, urinating flushes out things, NFO include staph, strep, and yeast. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st line: NFO, secretions are mucus based, acidic pH which kills many sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line cell communication: gap junctions act like gates between the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line cell communication: secretory cells release inflammatory mediators to target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line cell communication: Hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line cell communication: Pain alerts you that something has happend. Nerve cells and NTS to target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line cell communication: Bacteria in the blood supply, when an abscess breaks. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: redness, pain, heat, swelling. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd line: injury, rubor calor= redness, tumor= increased blood and fluid, dolor= heat and pain, increased cellular activity as communicaiton occurs, decre3ase chance of organism surviving, loss of function= scab or healing. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: turn off the system when all processes are done. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: Reaction to certain oils from plans, like poison oak. Hypersensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: remember antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: virus, parasite, transplants (kidney, heart, tissue). |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd line: turns on B cell which turns on plasma cell and B memory cell. |
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