Term
|
Definition
What term is defined as any deviation from health where tissues and organs are damaged and disrupted?
- Commensalism
- Pathology
- Disease
- Infection
- Transient |
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Term
|
Definition
The human body provides a favorable habitat for microorganisms. Which of the following does not contribute to this favorable habitat?
- Stable temperature
- Extensive surfaces upon which to colonize
- Constant source of nourishment
- Low levels of moisture
- Relatively stable pH |
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Term
|
Definition
What greatly influences the presence and numbers of transient flora?
- Occupational exposure
- Hygiene
- Humidity
- Oils
- Clothing |
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Term
|
Definition
What factor prevents the stomach from being colonized by most microbes?
- Peristalsis
- Digestive enzymes
- Secretory IgA
- Bile
- Acids |
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Term
| Because the oral cavity and saliva contain high numbers of bacteria |
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Definition
Why are human bites especially dangerous?
- Because the oral cavity and saliva contain high numbers of bacteria
- Because saliva contains lysozyme
- Because human teeth are exceedingly sharp
- Because the protozoa that reside in the mouth are harmful when transferred to others
- Because normal flora of the mouth are pathogenic |
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Term
|
Definition
What are the first organism(s) to colonize the upper respiratory tract?
- Oral streptococci
- Lactobacilli
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Neisseria sp.
- Haemophilus sp. |
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Term
|
Definition
What keeps the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra sterile?
- pH
- Peristalsis
- Salts
- Flow of urine
- IgA in mucous |
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Term
|
Definition
Axenic animals display all but which of the following?
- Degenerative diseases of the intestinal tract
- Shortened life span
- Absence of dental caries
- Vitamin deficiencies
- Increased sensitivity to enteric pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
The greatest number of pathogens use what as a portal of entry?
- Skin
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Respiratory tract
- Urogenital tract |
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Term
| The Size of the Microorganism |
|
Definition
What characteristic affects the extent to which an organism is carried into the bronchial tree following inhalation?
- The electrostatic charge of the microorganism
- The size of the microorganism
- The breathing patterns of the host
- The status of the host's immune system |
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Term
| It is a very virulent microorganism |
|
Definition
If a microorganism has an ID of one, what assumption can be made regarding this microorganism?
- It is very small
- It can cross the placental barrier
- It causes a large number of new cases annually
- It is a very pathogenic microorganism
- It is a very virulent microorganism |
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Term
|
Definition
Bacterial pathogens attach most often by all except which of the following mechanisms?
- Spikes
- Fimbriae (pili)
- Flagella
- Capsules
- Adhesive slimes |
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Term
|
Definition
What exoenzyme secreted by some pathogenic microorganisms digests the principal fiber of connective tissue and is an invasive factor for some microorganisms?
- Coagulase
- Mucinase
- Hyaluronidase
- Collagenase
- Keratinase |
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Term
| Secreted from a live cell |
|
Definition
Which of the following is a property of exotoxins?
- Stimulates the onset of fever
- Secreted from a live cell
- Produced by all Gram negative bacteria
- Do not denature upon exposure to high heat
- Toxic only in high doses |
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Term
|
Definition
During which stage of a clinical infection does the patient experience vague feelings of discomfort, such as head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, and general malaise?
- Terminal phase
- Incubation period
- Convalescent period
- Prodromal stage
- Period of invasion |
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Term
|
Definition
What is the pattern of infection where the infection itself remains localized at the portal of entry, but the toxins produced by the pathogen are carried by the blood to the actual target tissue?
- Systemic infection
- Focal infection
- Toxemia
- Mixed infection
- Localized infection |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is not a sign of an infection?
- Cough
- Nausea
- Headache
- Fatigue |
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Term
|
Definition
What is the clinical term for bacteria multiplying in the blood?
- Bacteremia
- Viremia
- Septicemia
- Fungemia
- Spirochetemia |
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Term
|
Definition
Which microorganism does not cause a latent infection?
- Herpes simplex
- Hepatitis B
- AIDS
- Polio
- Herpes zoster |
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Term
|
Definition
What term is defined as the number of new cases of disease over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population?
- Prevalence
- Morbidity rate
- Epidemiology
- Epidemic
- Incidence |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is not a reservoir?
- Vectors
- Humans
- Animals
- Soil
- Water |
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Term
|
Definition
"Typhoid Mary" was an example of what type of disease carrier?
- Asymptomatic
- Chronic
- Convalescent
- Incubation |
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Term
| Contact with contaminated food |
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Definition
Communicable diseases can spread by several methods. Which is not an example of the direct transmission mode of disease spread?
Fine droplets sprayed directly upon a person
- Bites from biological vectors
- Contact with contaminated food
- Sexual intercourse
- Placental transfer |
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Term
| The use of effective infection control measures |
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Definition
Which does not contribute to the development of nosocomial infections?
- The presence of compromised patients in hospitals
- The presence of pathogens in hospitals
- The use of indwelling medical devices
- Treatments utilizing reusable instruments
- The use of effective infection control measures |
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Term
|
Definition
Exotoxins are:
- highly toxic
- produced by both g(+) and g(-) bacteria
- released from bacterial cell
- protein
- all of the above |
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Term
| disruption of the cell membrane |
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Definition
The end result of complement activation is:
- disruption of cell membrane
- phagocytosis of the cell
- secretion of enzymes by the cell
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response:
- itching
- pain
- redness
- swelling
- warmth |
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Term
|
Definition
Normal flora may cause opportunistic infections if:
- they spread into normally sterile areas
- the patient becomes immunosuppressed
- the local environment changes (antibiotics)
- all of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
a fomite is:
- vertebrate animal which can transmit microorganisms to humans
- an arthropod which acts as a vector of disease
- a non-living object which can transfer disease causing microorganisms
- all of the above
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
Distinction between infection/infectious disease is that infectious disease implies:
- replication of MO in host
- harm to host
- activation of immune system
- establishment of carrier state
- significant mortality |
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Term
|
Definition
Who proposed germ theory of disease and established that a bacterium was responsible for anthrax:
- aristotle
- koch
- van leeuwenhoek
- lister
- pasteur |
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Term
|
Definition
a herterotroph which derives its nourishment from dead/nonliving organic matter is:
- auxotroph
- capnophile
- fermenter
- parasite
- saprophyte |
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Term
|
Definition
appendages that allow movement:
- appendins
- cilia
- flagella
- pili
- pseudopods |
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Term
|
Definition
resident/normal flora is commonly found in the:
- circulaiton
- colon
- kidney
- salivary glands |
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Term
|
Definition
microbes that regularly cause disease in healthy individuals are designated:
- indigeous
- opportunists
- transients
- true/frank pathogens
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
site where MO enters the body is the portal of:
- access
- entry
- infection
- exit |
|
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Term
| immunosuppressed individuals |
|
Definition
MO w/low virulence might be expected to cause disease in:
- healthy adults
- children
- immunosuppressed individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
bacterial chromosome in located in the part of the cell designated the:
- core
- nucleus
- nucleoid |
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Term
|
Definition
glycocalyx or slime layer are terms which may be used to designate the bacterial:
- cell wall
- capsule
- envelope |
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Term
|
Definition
protein coat which surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus is the
- capsid
- capsule
- core
- envelope |
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Term
|
Definition
bacterial flagella:
- originate in cell membrane
- require ATP
- are composed of protein
- all of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
bacterial capsules are
- the outermost portion of a bacterial cell
- usually polysaccharide
- antiphagocytic
- all of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
prokaryotes do not have
- capsules
- golgi apparatus
- granular inclusions
- ribosomes
- a cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
the majority of species making up the normal flora of man are:
- bacteria
- arthropods
- fungi
- protozoans
- viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
who first observed bacteria with a microscope in 1670:
- van leeuwenhook
- lister
- holmes
- pasteur |
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Term
|
Definition
g(+) bacteria have more ___ in their cell wall as compared to g(-) bacteria
- lipid
- lipopolysaccharide
- peptidoglycan
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
another name for lipopolysacharride is
- biofilm
- endotoxin
- exotoxin
- murein
- toxoid |
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Term
|
Definition
smallest free-living bacteria w/o cell walls and have sterols in membrane are
- archaea
- chlamydia
- mycoplasma
- rickettsia
- viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
surgeon who introduced concept of aseptic technique to practice of medicine:
- koch
- holmes
- lister
- pasteur
- semmelweis |
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Term
|
Definition
bacterial pili function in
- adherence
- movement
- uptake of nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
the portion of lipopolsaccharide which is responsible for toxicity is the
- core polysaccharide
- lipid a
- o antigen |
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|
Term
| outer membrane of cell wall |
|
Definition
lipopolysachharide is found in the
- cytoplasmic or plasma membrane
- outer membrane of cell wall
- inner membrane of cell wall |
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Term
|
Definition
indirect contact:
- contact w/patient's saliva due to glove hole
- dental aerosols
- improperly sterilized instruments
- A and B
- all of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
organism which has the capacity to cause disease
- parasite
- pathogen
- opportunist
- saprophyte |
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Term
|
Definition
all of the following are components of the g (-) cell wall except:
- outer membrane
- lipoteichoic acids
- lipopolysaccharide
- peptidoglycan
- periplasmic spaces |
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Term
|
Definition
enzyme which destroys HO in streptococci and lactobacilli:
- catalase
- peroxidase
- phosphorylase
- superoxide dismutase |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following components of the bacterial cell plays a significant role in the formation of biofilm:
- cell membrane
- cell wall
- endospores
- glycocalyx
- nucleis acid |
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Term
|
Definition
in comparison with that of gram (+), the cell wall of g(-) has
- more lipid
- more peptidoglycan
- both a/b
- neither a/b |
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Term
|
Definition
oral strep produce lactic acid that can be utilized by veillonella, this interaction is referred to as:
- antagonism
- commensalism
- synergism
- symbiosis |
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Term
|
Definition
the most common outcome of a microbial infection is:
- asymptomatic infection
- mild disease
- classic disease
- death |
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Term
|
Definition
enterotoxins are a type of ___ and often result in ____.
- endo/hospitalization
- neuro/death
- exo/diarrhea
- endo/diarrhea
- exo/paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
when members of the normal flora cause disease, these infections are referred to as:
- acute
- chronic
- saprophytic
- opportunistic
- virulent |
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Term
|
Definition
time from infection with a MO until the appearance of symptoms:
-incubation period
- latent period
- prodome |
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Term
|
Definition
major organism found on the skin
- actino
- bacteroides
- staphylococcus
- strep |
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Term
|
Definition
the shape of the bacterial cell is primarily due to presence of:
- lipopoly
- lipoteich
- peptido
- phospholipids |
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Term
|
Definition
| ____ bacteria are associated w/development of dental caries whereas ___ bacteria are associated w/the development of periodontal disease and are more often ____. |
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Term
|
Definition
| extrachromosomal DNA carrying genes for specialized purposed in many bacterial cells is a: |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| classified bacteria into 3 domains |
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Term
|
Definition
| comprehensive classification system |
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Term
|
Definition
another name for normal flora is:
- indigenous
- resident
- commensal
- all of the above |
|
|
Term
| cause most opportunistic infections |
|
Definition
major disadvantage of normal flora is that they:
- compete for nutrients
- cause most opportunistic infection
- stimulate immune system
- prevent colonization by potential pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
possession of a capsule is an important virulence mechanism in that it:
- may play a role in adherence
- interferes with phagocytosis
- both A/B
- neither A/B |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following characterizes bacterial adhesins:
- often associated with pili
- specific interaction with receptor
- usually protein
- all of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
enterotoxins are ___ which cause loss of water and ions leading to diarrhea:
- endotoxins
- cytotoxins
- exotoxins
- both b and c |
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|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria reproduce by:
- binary fission
- conjugation
- mitosis
- meiosis
- sporulation |
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Term
|
Definition
aerobic microorganisms primarily derive energy via:
- respiration
- fermentation
- photosynthesis
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
| crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin |
|
Definition
| which of the following is correct sequence for gram stain: |
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Term
|
Definition
anaerobic microorganisms primarily derive energy via:
- respiration
- fermentation
- photosynthesis
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following groups is most abundant in the oral flora?
- gram negative cocci
- g(-) rods
- g(+) cocci
- g(+) rods
- spirochetes |
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Term
|
Definition
organisms associated with the development of periodontal disease are mostly:
- g(+) facultatives
- g(+) anaerobes
- g(-) facultatives
- g(-) anaerobes |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following is least abundant in a healthy mouth?
- g(-) cocci
- g(-) rods
- g(+) cocci
- g(+) rods |
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Term
|
Definition
organisms associated with the development of dental caries are mostly:
- g(+)
- g(-) |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following enzymes do most streptococci and lactobacilli utilize to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water?
- catalase
- peroxidase
- superoxide dismutase
- a/b
- b/c |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following is not a eukaryotic organism?
- fungi
- man
- mycoplasmas
- protozoa |
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Term
|
Definition
Which term refers to the fine, hairlike appendages that aid in adhesion in progaryotic organisms?
- cilia
- fimbrae
- pili
- a/b
- b/c |
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Term
|
Definition
the outermost layer of the outer membrane is composed of
- glycerol polymers
- lipopolysaccharide
- peptidoglycan
- teichoic acid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria flagella:
- are complex antigenic structure
- require energy to function
- originate in the cytoplasmic membrane
- a/b only
- a/b/c |
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Term
|
Definition
parasites which derive benefit from their host buy do not harm the host are referred to as:
- opportunists
- commensals
- saprophytes
- pathogens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
reserve storage materials in bacteria are referred to as:
- capsules
- capsids
- cellular nuclei
- granular inclusions |
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Term
|
Definition
yeasts are:
- archaea
- eukaryotic
- prokaryotic
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
when one species produces someting required by another or provides some beneficial factor, this is:
- antagonism
- commensalism
- parasitism
- synergism |
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Term
|
Definition
substances of bacterial origins which inhibit the growth of other bacteria are specifically termed:
- antagonists
- antibiotics
- bacteriocins
- none of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following bacteria are not commonly associated with periodontal disease:
- actinomyces viscosus
- actinobaccillus actinomycetemcomitans
- porphyromonas gingivalis
- prevotella intermedia
- all of the above are associated with periodontal disease |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following is involved with dental plaque and calculus?
- actinomyces viscosus
- actinobaccillus actinomycetemcomitans
- porphyromonas gingivalis
- prevotella intermedia |
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