Term
|
Definition
- physical barriers
- chemical defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- skin
- mucous membranes
- fluid flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- few microorganisms can invade when intact
- contains keratin for protection
- bacteria can only invade through breaks/wounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- line respiratory, GI and genitourinary tracts
- no keratin
- mucociliary elevator
- mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bacteriocins
- toxic metabolic end products
- low oxidation-reduction potential
- depletion of essential nutrients
- suppression of adherence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - brings bacteria away from lungs in respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inhibit/kill other bacteria
- usually proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- pH
- Bacteriocins
- Lysozymes
- Lactoferrin/transferrin
- Interferons
- Cytokines/chemokines/lymphokine
- complement |
|
|
Term
| protein molecules produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells |
|
Definition
cytokines are:
- protein molecules produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells
- normally not involved in the IR
- not involved in the inflammatory process
- only produced during humoral immune responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phages are responsible for:
- transduction
- conjugation
- transposition
- transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2 dependent killing and O2 independent killing are associated with:
- complement activation
- inflammation
- interferon production
- phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immunogens:
- elicit an immune response
- respond specifically to the products of the immune system
- both a/b
- neither a/b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which term listed below refers to the type of immunity manifested by intact keratinized epithelium on a person's arm?
- natural active
- artificial active
- natural passive
- artificial passive
- innate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examples of protein substances which function as antigens include:
- bacterial endotoxins
- enzymes
- bacterial capsules
- DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A person's stomach possess which, if any, of the following innate defenses:
- acid pH
- plasma cells
- both a/b
- neither a/b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an example of an antimicrobial substance produced by members of the normal flora, to protect against colonization from other pathogens, is:
- lymphokine
- gamma globulin
- bacteriocin
- lactic acid
- lysozyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the amino sugars of the backbone chain of peptidoglycan are linked:
- alpha 1,4
- alpha 1,6
- beta 1,4
- beta 1,6
- gamma 1,2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immunological resistance to most intracellular pathogens is manifested as:
- lymphoid degeneration
- humoral immunity
- non-specific serum protection
- cellular immunity
- increased host perspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first inflammatory cell to appear in large numbers at the site of injured tissue is the:
- macrophage
- plasma cell
- PMN
- monocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- redness of inflammation
- due to increased blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - site of killing of phagocytized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - complement coating of bacterial or fungal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - iron-binding protein in secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- warmth of inflammation
- due to increased blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammatory exudate
- dead microorganisms, dead phagocytic cells, cellular debris, bidy fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - complement pathway activated by endotoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most abundant phagocytic cell in blood
- first responder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- long-lived phagocytic cells
- derived from monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - edema or swelling due to increased capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - pain of inflammation resulting from release of bradykinin and prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - chemical that cause fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - term which describes action of ciliated epithelium of respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammatory cells derived from basophils
- release histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - primary physical barrier against invasion by microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - enzyme in saliva and tears that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - small glycoprotein produced by host cells in response to viral infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - family of glycoproteins in blood that when activated stimulate host defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - product of cells which regulate, stimulate, suppress or otherwise control activities of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - complement pathway activated by antigen-antibody complexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what activates the alternative complement pathway?
- antigen-antibody complexes
- bacterial endotoxin
- macrophages
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
| antigen-antibody complexes |
|
Definition
what activates the classical complement pathway?
- antigen-antibody complexes
- bacterial endotoxin
- macrophages
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following is not a part of the inflammatory response?
- itching
- pain
- swelling
- redness
- warmth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the movement of phagocytic cells in response to chemicals is:
- chemotaxis
- degranulation
- inflammation
- opsonization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a substance which is capable of eliciting an IR and of reacting specifically with the products of the response is:
- an adjuvant
- a complete antigen
- a hapten
- an immunogen
- both b and d |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following are most antigenic?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids
- proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the cells that actually produce antibodies are:
- b cells
- t-helper cells
- plasma cells
- natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the primary (most abundant) Ig in circulation is:
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
- IgG
- IgM |
|
|
Term
| 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy, 2 light) |
|
Definition
a basic structure of an Ig consists of:
- 2 polypeptide chains
- 4 polypeptide chains (2 light, 2 heavy)
- 6 polypeptide chains (4 light, 2 heavy)
- 20 polypeptide chains (10 light, 10 heavy)
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
| disruption of cell membrane |
|
Definition
the end result of complement activation is:
- disruption of cell membrane
- phagocytosis of cell
- secretion of enzymes by cell
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemicals that cause fever are referred to as:
- heatniks
- pyogens
- pyrogens
- thermogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
another name for antibody-mediated immunity:
- cell-mediated immunity
- humoral immunity
- nonspecific immunity
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipopolysaccharide activated the ___ complement pathway.
- classical
- alternative
- both a/b
- neither a/b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first Ig detected in primary humoral IR is:
- A
- E
- D
- G
- M |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complement facilitates phagocytosis by:
- opsinization of bacterial cells
- chemoattraction of phagocytic cells
- both a/b
- neither a/b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following is NOT a component of cell-mediated immunity?
- lymphokines
- plasma cell
- t-helper cell
- cytotoxic t-cells
- all of the above are components of CMI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonspecific host defenses against invading microorganisms include all of the following except:
- antibodies
- complement
- interferons
- phagocytosis
- lysozyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when activated, complement proteins:
- lyse bacterial cells
- enhance phagocytosis of bacterial/fungal cells
- attract phagocytic cells
- trigger inflammation
- all of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small molecules such as penicillin are classified as incomplete antigens because they lack the ability to ___ w/o help of an antigenic carrier molecule.
- induce formation of IR
- react specifically w/products of IR
- both a/b
- neither a/b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following features applies to IgM?
- 1st aby produced during humoral response
- largest immunoglobulin
- can bind 10 antigenic determinant sites
- all of the above
- only a/c |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
histamine is released during degranulization of :
- mast cells
- t-lymph
- b-lymph
- monocytes
- plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity are both characterized by:
- specificity
- memory
- both
- neither |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokines have the ability to ___ the cells which secrete them or other cells of the immune system:
- inhibit
- stimulate
- both
- neither |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria which produce acid during growth are classified as:
- acidogenic
- acidophilic
- acid producers
- aciduric
- alkalinic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
byproducts of metabolism which are toxic to anaerobic bacteria are:
- superoxide ion
- h2o2
- both
- neither |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the mucociliary elevator refers to the ciliated cells of the ___ which function as a physical barrier to invading microbes.
- urinary tract
- genital tract
- GI tract
- respiratory tract
- skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
having a disease leads to ___ immunity.
- artificial active
- artificial passive
- natural active
- natural passive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2 dependent killing within a phagolysosome is due to the presence of:
- enzymes
- molecular O2
- products of oxygen metabolism
- organic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucous membranes are part of the body's defenses because they:
- contain anti-microbial enzymes in their fluid
- produce secretory IgA
- serve as physical barrier
- A/B/C
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a single cytokine may have multiple biological actions. multiple cytokines share the same biological actions.
- 1st T, 2nd F
- 1st F, 2nd T
- both T
- both F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in humans, b-cells mature in ___ and t-cells mature in the ____.
- GI tract, liver
- bursa, thymus
- bone marrow, thymus
- lymph nodes, spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following is the poorest antigen?
- carbs
- glycoproteins
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the major product of the humoral response is:
- activated b-cells
- activated t-cells
- antibodies
- lymphokines
- memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the normal outcome following phagocytosis of bacterial cell is bacterial:
- replication
- survival
- degradation
- spore formation
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complement is a normal component of :
- secretions
- blood
- bone marrow
- a/b
- all of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the membrane attack complex (MAC) is associated with:
- cytotoxic-T-lymph
- the genome
- complement
- natural killer cells
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
| - erythema, edema, pain and elevated temperature |
|
Definition
cardinal signs of inflammation are:
- erythema, edema, pain and elevated temperature
- erythema, edema, elevated temp and itching
- pain, redness, swelling, itching
- pain, redness, swelling, pue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lysosomal enzymes and defensins are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of:
- macrophages
- PMNs
- monocytes
- mast cells
- cytotoxic t-cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes:
- baso
- eosino
- lympho
- neutro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea
- lacrimation
- ciliary lining
- desquamation
- lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following inflammatory signs specifies elevated temp:
- calor
- dolor
- rubor
- tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following inflammatory signs specifies swelling:
- calor
- dolor
- rubor
- tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following inflammatory signs specifies pain:
- calor
- dolor
- rubor
- tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following inflammatory signs specifies redness:
- calor
- dolor
- rubor
- tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a molecule, immunogenic by itself and that can react with antibodies, is called:
- complete antigen
- epitope
- hapten
- incomplete antigen
- paratope |
|
|
Term
| placental transfer of mother's antibodies |
|
Definition
which of the following is an example of natural passive immunity:
- immunity resulting from having an infection
- infection of gamma globulin
- placental transfer of mother's antibodies
- vaccination with purified microbial antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vaccination is synonymous with ___ immunity:
- art. active
- art. passive
- natural active
- natural passive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the redness associated with inflammation is due to:
- breakdown of RBCs
- histamine release
- increased blood flow
- increased metabolism
- release of bradykinin and prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following is not a usual component of pus?
- body fluids
- cellular debris
- dead bacteria
- dead phagocytic cells
- RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characteristics of molecules which are immunogenic are:
- degradable
- foreign
- large
- structurally complex
- all of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the portion of an immunoglobulin which binds to a specific antigen is the:
- Fab portion
- Fc portion
- both
- neither |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memory cells play their most significant role in the:
- primary ir
- secondary ir
- anamnestic response
- b/c
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following are endogenous pyrogens secreted by macrophages?
- interleukin 1
- tumor necrosis factor
- both
- neither |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basophils and mast cells release
- defensins
- histamine
- lactic acid
- lysozyme
- serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of the following produce perforin:
- b cells
- cytotoxic t cells
- nk cells
- suppressor cells
- two of the above |
|
|
Term
| blocking cross-bridge formation |
|
Definition
the antibiotic penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan (cell wall) synthesis by:
- blocking synthesis of carb backbone
- interfering with peptide synthesis
- blocking cross-bridge formation
- none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- enhance phagocytosis
- attract phagocytic cells
- inflammation |
|
|
Term
| antigen-antibody complexes |
|
Definition
| classical pathway activated by: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ pathway coupled with specific immune response system. |
|
|
Term
| bacterial endotoxin (LPS) |
|
Definition
| alternate pathway activated by: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ binds to antibody in classical pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative pathway activates ____ directly |
|
|
Term
| Membrane attack complex (MAC) |
|
Definition
- C5-C9
- forms pore in cell
- causes cell to lyse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- triggers mas cell degranulation
- increases vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- peptides with antimicrobial activity
- located in granules of PMNs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ are involved in the specific immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ are precursors of macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secrete cytokines
- engulf microorganisms
- produce defensins |
|
|
Term
| PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) |
|
Definition
| - interact with receptors on host cell |
|
|
Term
| fever's increase in body temp |
|
Definition
- stimulates phagocytosis
- increases rate of enzymatic reaction
- intensifies action of interferons
- causes reduction in blood iron concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lipopolysaccharide
- peptidoglycan
- exotoxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- interleukin I
- tumor necrosis factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - cytokines released by phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- respiratory burst
- uses oxidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - powerful oxidant that rapidly attacks wide range of target molecules such as amines, amino acids and nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased capillary permeability |
|
Definition
| swelling in inflammation is due to: |
|
|
Term
| - increased bradykinin and prostaglandins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- early
- major cells are PMNs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- prolonged
- major cells are lymphocytes and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune response is:
- characterized by specificity
- characterized by memory
- acquired
- all of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T/F: all organic molecules are antigenic. |
|
|
Term
| antibody-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
- aka humoral immunity
- involves B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ cells have surface antigens called CD receptors |
|
|
Term
| major histocompatibility antigens |
|
Definition
| - foreign antigens are associated with cell surface antigens on antigen processing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- macrophages
- process and degrade large molecules
- present antigens on their surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ respond only to antigens presented by APCs, whereas ___ can respond to antigens in other ways, but respond more specifically to antigens presented by APCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ present on virtually all body cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - bind antigens produced within cells (proteins made during viral replication) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bind antigens made outside human cells (proteins produced by bacteria)
- may be processed by APCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the display of foreign antigens coupled with MHC class __ targets cell for destruction by cytotoxic T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the display of foreign antigen coupled with MHC class __ molecule activates T cells to produce cytokines which recruit other cells to eliminate foreign antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ are required to initiate B cell response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - b cell response is dependent on t helper cells to initiate response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - large repetitive structures do not require t-helper cells for b cell responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - major antigen-presenting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - each clone of b cells respond to specific antigen determinant (aka ___) |
|
|
Term
| plasma cells, memory cells |
|
Definition
| b cells cam become ___ or ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - responsible for secondary immune response when same antigen is present again |
|
|
Term
| antibodies/immunoglobulins |
|
Definition
| - glycoproteins produced in response to specific antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- binds antigen
- 2 per molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- binds complement
- also attaches to phagocytic cells if other fragment has bound antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- primary Ig of circulation
- readily passes through vessel walls into tissues
- only Ig that can cross placenta
- confers natural passive immunity to fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reacts with antigens on bacterial surfaces and activates complement system
- prevents systemic spread of infection
- facilitates recovery from infections
- occurs as monomeric molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- found in external secretion (saliva, breast milk)
- protects GI, Resp, and genitourinary tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- binds with surface antigens of microorganisms and prevents adherence
- activates only alternative pathway
- monomeric in plasma
- dimeric in secretions which contains secretory piece and Joining chain |
|
|
Term
| secretory piece in dimeric IgA in secretions |
|
Definition
- protects against proteases
- promotes secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - major Ig protecting body surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first Ig formed in antigen response
- found in circulation (blood/lymph)
- occurs as pentameric molecule
- binds multiple antigens
- activates complement
- 10 aby bonding sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- appears to play role in lymphocyte activation and suppression
- monomeric molecule
- receptor on B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- present in blood in low numbers
- elevated in individuals with allergic reactions
- initiate inflammatory response by binding to mast cells and basophils
- when bound to antigen, cause mast cells and basophils to release cytokines
- responsible for anaphylactic reactions |
|
|
Term
- histamine
- serotonin
- heparin |
|
Definition
| - cytokines released by basophils when antigen binds to IgE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - components react to a specific antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - following immunogenic activation of immune cells, cells quickly respond with subsequent exposures to antigen |
|
|
Term
| complete antigen/immunogen |
|
Definition
- elicits immune response
- responds specifically with products of immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cannot initiate response unless bound to carrier protein
- recognized by products of immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- acquired
- not induced through medical means |
|
|
Term
| artificial immunity (immunization) |
|
Definition
| - produced though medical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - developing own immune response to imcrobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ which would respond to self are destroyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- antigenic determinant
- portion of antigen that interacts with antibodies and t-cell receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - located on macrophages and b cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - present antigens to t cells and b cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- activate immune system
- critical for overall regulation of the immune response
- interact with b lymphocytes as well as other t cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- activate cell mediated immune response
- produced when antigen presenting cells secrete interluekin I and interferon gamma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- drive b cell proliferation
- prolonged when antigen presenting cell secretes interleukin 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- CD4 receptors
- prevent response to self antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- recognize, lyse and destroy abnormal body cells (those invaded by intracellular parasites/viruses/microorganisms or tumor cells)
- kill using toxin or perforin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - leads to osmotic lysis of infected cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - protein that causes fragmentation of DNA and stimulates production of interferon gamma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- no surface markers
- recognize cell surface changes
- produce perforin and causes cell lysis
- highly sensitive to cytokines
- part of cell mediated immune response |
|
|
Term
| NTK have no surface markers |
|
Definition
| - sometimes called null cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- formed by cytotoxic t cells
- attack protein of target cells (apoptosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- activated/sentitized t cells, cytotoxic t cells
- activated macrophages and neutrophils
- affects intracellular pathogens
- important in recovery (esp. viral) |
|
|
Term
| macrophages and neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - important in recovery from infections (esp. viral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - important in preventing infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cd4 cells stimulate b cells --> plasma cells = antibodies
- antibody mediates activation of complement, neutralization, agglutination and ospinization
- affect extracellular pathogens (bacteria/toxins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- individuals immune system actually responds to an ag
- prolonged (sometimes for lifetime) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - develops following having an infection or disease with particular microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - develops following immunization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs when individual receives abys produced by another human or animal
- short-lived |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs with transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus
- mother to infant in breast milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs with administration of immune serum globulin to an individual
- abys produced in another individual following disease or immunization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secondary response
- memory b cells begin aby synthesis
- basis for vaccine boosters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - process of being stimulated immunologically |
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Term
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Definition
| - occurs following the initial exposure to an allergen |
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Term
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Definition
- the initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates and immune response
- often refers to allergies (hypersensitivity reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| - react with antigens to prevent establishment of infection |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted proteins
- mediators of immune and inflammatory reactions
- produced by macrophages, NK cells, T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| - in innate responses, produced by macrophages and NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - in specific immune responses, produced mainly by t lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
- each cytokine has multiple biological actions
- different effects on different cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - multiple cytokines share the same or similar biological activities |
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Term
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Definition
| - abys bind to receptors to block virus from binding to host cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- clump bacteria for diagnosis
- cross-link bacterial cell antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| - react with toxins to neutralize them |
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Term
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Definition
| - bind with antigen on cell surface leading to complement fixation |
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Term
| defense against bacterial infections |
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Definition
| - complement-mediated lysis and phagocytic killing of bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
- coating of bacterial cells with antibody leads to increased phagocytosis
- allows phagocytosis of bacteria with capsules/lacking antibody |
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Term
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Definition
- antigen-antibody complexes activate the classical complement pathway
- leads to MAC and cell lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| - antibodies react with toxins (endo/exotoxins) or viruses and inhibit their attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| - in vitro reactions used in diagnosis/to determine of population for epidemiological purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| - cited in periodontal diagnosis/treatment |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted by macrophages and CD4 cells
- endogenous pyrogen
- activate osteoclasts (bone loss)
- induce IL-2
- leads to PDD |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted by macrophages, PMNs and B cells
- endogenous pyrogen
- increases bone loss
- activates CD4 cells
- proliferation of B/T cells
- increases with PDD |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted by CD4 and NK cells
- stimulates macrophages, growth of activated T/B cells
- activates NK cells
- increase in PDD |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted by CD4 cells
- proliferation of activated B, T and mast cells
- increases in PDD |
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Term
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Definition
- both proflammatory and anti-inflammatory (stimulate/inhibit)
- regulate and modulate effects |
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Term
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Definition
- usually occurs first
- local response
- activate macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
- results later
- acts systemically
- stimulate B cells to produce IgA, IgG, IgE and memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| killed/inactivated vaccine |
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Definition
| - microbe is killed, but still antigenic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| acellular/subcellular/subunit vaccines |
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Definition
- part of cells
- component vaccine
- recombinant vaccine
- toxoids (inactivated toxins) |
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Term
| artificial passive immunity |
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Definition
- no new abys can be generated
- short lived immunity |
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Term
| inactivated/whole vaccines |
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Definition
- polio
- rabies
- influenza
- hep A |
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Term
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Definition
- TB
- adenovirus
- MMR
- varicella/zoster
- yellow fever |
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Term
| - nonspecific (innate immunity) |
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Definition
| lysozyme, lactoferrin and transferrin are considered part of the ___ host defenses. |
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Term
| antigen-antibody complexes |
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Definition
the classical complement pathway is activated by:
- antigen-antibody complexes
- histamine
- lipopolysaccharide
- lysozyme
- peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following features applies to IgM?
- 1st antibody produced during humoral response
- largest iG
- can bind 10 antigenic determinant sites
- all
- a/c only |
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Term
| both chemoattraction and opsinization |
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Definition
complement facilitates phagocytosis by:
- opsinization
- chemoattraction
- both
- neither |
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Term
| two of the above (recognize/destroy and have cd8 receptors) |
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Definition
cytotoxic t cells
- have cd8 surface markers
- release killer antibody molecules
- are not antigen-specific
- recognize and destroy virus-infected and tumor cells
- two of the above |
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Term
| b/c anamnestic and secondary |
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Definition
memory cells play their most significant role in the :
- primary immune response
- secondary immune response
- anamnestic response
- both b/c
- none of the above |
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Term
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Definition
| lipopolysaccharide activates the ___ complement pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following are endogenous pyrogens secreted by macrophages?
- interluekin 1
- tumor necrosis factor
- both
- neither |
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Term
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Definition
you would expect which of the following Igs to be elevated in the blood of an individual with allergies? Ig_
- A
- E
- G
- D
- M |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is the first line of defense against infection
- complement
- inflammation
- interferon
- phagocytosis
- skin |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ are substances of bacterial origin which inhibit the growth of other bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucociliary elevator” is a host defense mechanism of _________ tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferon is a component of the ____-_______ ______ defense |
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Term
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Definition
| *Interferons are produced in response to _______ infections |
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Term
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Definition
| cytotoxic t cells function in ___ immunity and are classified as ___ cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| nk cells protect the host by functioning within the ___ immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
all of the following are true about IgG except:
- most abundant Ig in blood
- only Ig that can cross placenta
- occurs as monomeric molecule
- Ig which plays role in protecting from reinfection
- 1st Ig to be formed in response to antigen |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals included in vaccines to enhance the antigenicity and increase the effectiveness of the vaccine are:
- adjuvants
- cytokines
- globulins
- vectors |
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Term
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Definition
complement is a normal component of
- secretions
- blood
- bone marrow
- a/b
- a/b/c |
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Term
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Definition
the MAC is associated with
- CT T cells
- genome
- complement
- NK cells
- none of the above |
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Term
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Definition
lysosomal enzymes and defensins are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of
- macrophages
- PMNs
- monocytes
- mast cells
- CT T cells |
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Term
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Definition
perforins of CT T cells and NK cells have an effect on cells most similar to that of:
- antibodies
- complement
- histamine
- lymphokines
- prostaglandins |
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Term
| innate, nonspecific immunity |
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Definition
inflammation is part of
- AMI
- CMI
- innate, nonspecific immunity |
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Term
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Definition
cell-mediated immunity involve all the following except:
- b cells
- t cells
- lmyphokines
- thymus
- cd receptors |
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Term
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Definition
major product of HIR is:
- activated b cells
- activated t cells
- antibodies
- lymphokines
- memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
t-cell that plays role in AMI is:
- CT
- T=help
- t=suppressor
- none |
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Term
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Definition
primary Ig in saliva
- A
- E
- D
- G
- M |
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Term
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Definition
most important Ig in gingival sulcus
- A
- E
- D
- G
- M |
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Term
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Definition
cells without surface markers which repond to host cells have cell surface changes by producing perforin which lyses the cell are:
- b cells
- plasma cells
- regulatory t cells
- cytotoxic t cells
- NK cells |
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Term
|
Definition
the major (most important) APC
- macorphage
- b cells
- t cells
- plasma cells
- NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
CT t cells are important in lysing:
- virally infected cells
- bacteria
- both
- neither |
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Term
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Definition
when activated, complement proteins:
- lyse bacterial cells
- enhance phagocytosis of bacteria/fungal cells
- attract phagocytic cells
- trigger inflammation
- all |
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Term
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Definition
| an important phagocytic cell in antimicrobial defense is the: |
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Term
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Definition
an anamnestic response is aka ___ response
- secondary
- memory
- a/b
- neither |
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Term
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Definition
first ab to be produced following b cell activation
- A
- G
- E
- D
- M |
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Term
|
Definition
which of the following is not a component of CMI?
- lymphokines
- plasma cells
- t helper cells
- cytotoxic t cells
- all of the above are part of CMI |
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Term
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Definition
| class II APCs are found on ___ and __ cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| class II APCs present antigens to ___ and ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| which Ig activates complement? |
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Term
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Definition
| which Ig PREVENTS the spread of infection? |
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Term
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Definition
| Ig__ activate the alternative pathway, while Ig__ activates complement pathway. |
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