Term
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Definition
DNA to mRNA
protein synthesis
biosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
promoter
RNA (pol)ymerase
Sigma (σ) Factor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
synthesizes RNA
5 protein subunits |
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Term
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Definition
1. RNA Holoenzyme binds to DNA (forms Closed Complex)
2. DNA is unwound
(Start of Open confirmation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Initiation of Translation |
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Definition
1. Ribosome binds to mRNA at Shine-Delgarno sequence
2. AUG is first codon
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Term
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Definition
Ribosomal binding site of for inititation of translation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Initiation Complex is composed of |
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Definition
30S + 50S subunits + mRNA + fMet-tRNA |
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Term
Elongation Peptide formation 3 steps |
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Definition
1. Aminoacyl-tRNA arrives at A site
2. Transpeptidation reaction occurs between P and A sites
3. Translocation
– Empty tRNA exits from E site
– tRNA with growing chain moves from A to P
– New tRNA comes into the A site
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Term
Ribosome has 3 binding sites |
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Definition
1. E site (exit site)
2. P site (peptidyl, or donor site)
3. A site (aminoacyl, or acceptor)
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Term
Some proteins modified after synthesis by adding |
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Definition
+lipids= lipoproteins; gram -
+sugars= glycoproteins; gram + |
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Term
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Definition
two or more genes transcribed from
a single promoter
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Term
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Definition
• Regulatory regions are upstream of
genes; one regulatory region can control grouped genes
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Term
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Definition
Transcriptional- change in gene expression levels by altering transcription
rates.
Translational - control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA.
Protein- how much the mRNA is translated into proteins. |
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Term
Transcriptional Control example |
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Definition
Diauxic Growth of E. coli-
transition occurs; glucose genes off, lactose genes on
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Term
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Definition
when a regulatory protein promotes transcription initiation; activator protein binds upstream and promotes RNA Holoenzyme binding
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Term
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Definition
when a regulatory protein inhibits transcription initiation; repressor protein binds to operator to prevent transcription
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Term
Types of Genetic Variability |
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Definition
Mutation: induced/spontaneous
Recombination: leads to newcombintations of genes on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
point mutation
alteration of base pair resulting in SAME amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
infectious proteins that lack nucleic
acids
mad cow
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Term
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Definition
point mutation
alteration of base pair resulting in DIFFERENT amino acid; |
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Term
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Definition
addition/removal of a base; results in a shift in codon reading and alters protein function |
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Term
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Definition
Auxotroph- nutritional mutant that requires an additional growth factor
Prototroph- parent of an auxotroph
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Temperature sensitive mutation |
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Definition
mutant with a protein that becomes denatured at a certain temperature |
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Term
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Definition
antibiotics, heavy metals, phage |
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Term
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Definition
Fast, easy to idenitify mutagens; an increase in reversion rate = potential
mutagen/carcinoge |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial sex
plasmid DNA carries gene for sex pilus; F+
cell-cell contact required |
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Term
Bacterial Growth Conditions |
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Definition
– Temperature
– Nutrients
– Water (osmotic balance)
– Appropriate atmosphere
– pH
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Term
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Definition
stops bacterial growth
-static/-stasis = standing still |
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Term
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Definition
D value; decimal reduction time
time require to kill 90% of microbes or spores |
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Term
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Definition
ribosomes
DNA
Enzymes
Cell wall
Membranes |
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Term
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Definition
intensity/concentration- lowers D-value
Microbial load- number of microbes; D-value same rate, increased time to do so
Population Compostition- mixture of microbes
Temperature- increased temperature, more active
Environment- type of material contaminated |
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Term
high temperature physical agents |
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Definition
autoclave- moist heat, under pressure. More quantity, more time
Boiling- moist heat, not under pressure
pasteurization- sub-boiling temps; high temp short time, ultra high temp,
Hot air
incinteration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
physical
DNA damaged
ionzing- gamma rays/xrays
non-ionizing- UV light |
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Term
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Definition
physical
seperates bacteria from liquid
HEPA filtration for air
ultra filtration- filters out lipopolysaccharide endotoxins from dead gram - |
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Term
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Definition
chemical
Bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on
concentration
higher concentration = bacterialcidal
– Increases membrane permeability
– Denatures protein
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Term
Halogens as disinfectants |
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Definition
Chemical
Oxidizing agent, inactivates key proteins
Iodine – very effective germicide
Chlorine
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Term
Heavy Metals as disinfectants |
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Definition
chemical
• Antibacterial and effective against algae and
fungi
• Mode of action
– Inactivate enzymes - react with –SH group
toxic
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Term
Detergents as disinfectants |
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Definition
chemical
Surface active compounds (“surfactants”)
– Damage cell membranes
– Denature protein
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Term
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
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Definition
chemical
disinfecting, sanitizing, and antisepsis |
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Term
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Definition
compounds (natural or synthetic)
that inhibit specific metabolic processes in
cells
Paul Ehrlich- syphillis antibiotic
Alexander Fleming- penecillin
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Term
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Definition
• Cell wall synthesis
• Membrane function
• Protein synthesis
• Metabolite antagonism
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Term
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
Active against Gram positives
– Natural or semi-synthetic
– Allergies and pathogen resistance
ex PENECILLIN |
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Term
Inhibitors of DNA Function |
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Definition
Quinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) – Inhibit DNA gyrase; Very broad spectrum
Mitomycin – Cross-links with DNA; Induces endonuclease activity
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Term
Antibiotic Metabolite Analogs |
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Definition
Enzyme inhibitors
ex. Sulfonamide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Humans and animals
• Plant pathogens
• Pests
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Term
marine phytoplankton are responsible for |
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Definition
CO2 fixation and O2 evolution on Earth
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Term
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Definition
a unique symbiotic life form
consisting of fungi and algae (actually
cyanobacteria)
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Term
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Definition
prokaryotic thus call Cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Protozoology: study of protozoa
Eukaryotic, unicellular animals
Motile by cilia, flagella, or amoeboid motility
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Term
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Definition
Require host machinery to multiply
1 nucleic acid- DNA or RNA
acellular
capsid- some have lipid envelope
Nucelocapsid
Virion- complete individual virus |
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Term
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Definition
10nm - 300nm
helical- tube shape
polyhedral- multi-sided
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Term
lytic bacteriophage infection process |
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Definition
• Attachment: adhesion to target site
• Entry: Virus injects nucleic acid into host
• Replication: early viral proteins shut down host metabolism, then replicates
• Maturation/assembly: Capsids/nucleic acids; sometimes host DNA picked up
• Release: Virions are released; Cell lysis; budding
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Term
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Definition
attachment/entry- same; except DNA becomes circular
Repression- phage represses lytic cycle
Integration- phage inserts into host DNA; prophage
attainment- prophage replicates with chromosome; repressor protein blocks lytic
Entry- to lytic cycle; prophage expressed
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Term
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Definition
contain envelopes with Glycoprotein spikes
'naked' virion = non-enveloped
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Term
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Definition
Incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA may interrupt cell function |
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Term
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Definition
Immune system- immunity from current/previous infection.
Vaccination: exposure to virus (inactivated or
portion of virus)
Fever: increased temp inactivates some viral
proteins
Interferon: antiviral produced by the body, blocks viral protein synthesis
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Term
Polymers (proteins) formed from |
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Definition
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Term
Amino acid sequence is dictated by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
anti parallel
(5’ - 3’ and 3’- 5’) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
template strand of DNA is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 consesus sequences
-35 (TTGACA)
-10 (TATAAT) = Pribnow box
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Term
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Definition
first nucleotide to be transcribed
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Term
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Definition
RNA pol synthesizes mRNA in the 5' - 3' direction |
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Term
Rho (ρ) Independent Termination |
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Definition
Stem-loop of A-U bound by 2 H-bonds
RNA pol and transcript fall off then Termination occurs |
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Term
Rho (ρ) Dependent Termination |
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Definition
1. Rho factor binds to mRNA and moves along until stem-loop reached
2. Helicase unwinds RNA-DNA complex then RNA pol dissociates |
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Term
Transcription and Translation can occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Synthesis stops at nonsense codon
– UAA, UAG, UGA
• Release factors aid in termination
• Final peptide bond made, peptide released
• Ribosomes dissociate from mRNA
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Term
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Definition
spontaneously or with chaperone |
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Term
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Definition
sense environmental changes
can change 3D confirmation |
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Term
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Definition
• Transcriptional control based on DNA
sequence/folding
ex. trp operon
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Term
Two-Component
Phosphorelay System
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Definition
Link events outside of the cell to expression
inside of the cell
1. sensor
2. response regulator
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Term
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Definition
Regulation of a large number of genes |
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Term
Affinity of enzyme for product |
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Definition
Increased substrate = increased velocity
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Term
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Definition
End product may inhibit biosynthesis
Bind effector molecule to protein's allosteric site |
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Term
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Definition
point mutation
alteration in base pair that results in a STOP CODON |
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Term
sugar fermentation mutation |
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Definition
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Term
lacking in biosynthetic pathway mutation |
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Definition
– Capsule
– O-antigen of LPS (“rough” mutant)
– Fimbriae
– Pigmen
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Term
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Definition
a second mutation- back mutation reverses effect of the mutation |
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Term
Histidine Auxotroph mutagen |
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Definition
Histidine auxotroph- mutant bacteria with histidine nutritional requirement
1/1,000,000,000 colony will grow on non nutritional medium
Mutagen introduced to increase mutation rate |
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Term
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Definition
• New, foreign DNA is incorporated into
the chromosome
• Once foreign DNA is incorporated, the
organism is called a recombinant
organism
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Term
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Definition
Transfer 'naked' DNA from one bacterium to another
Frederick Griffith- Transforming principle |
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Term
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Definition
Bacterial DNA is transferred via virus; bacteriophage |
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Term
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Definition
fragments of DNA are join in vitro
new DNA are expresses in vivo
AKA recombinant DNA |
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Term
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Definition
study of molecular properties of entire genome (overall sequence)
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Term
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Definition
interdisciplinary work involving:
– Genomics (genes expressed)
– Proteomics (proteins made)
– Computing (computer analysis)
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Term
Sterilize
disinfectant
antiseptic
sanitize
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Definition
sterilize- kill all forms of life including endospores
disinfectant- kills vegetative cells
antiseptic- disindfection for animate objects
sanitize- reduce microbial population to a safe level |
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Term
Low temperature physical agents |
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Definition
refridgeration- bacteriastatic; food preservation
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Term
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Definition
remove water; canning/curing
not affective against mold |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits growth of strict aerobes |
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Term
Ideal antimicrobial agent properties |
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Definition
have microbial activity
solubility
stability
non-toxic
uniform composition
not inactivated by other materials
active a room temp
ability to penetrate
non-damaging
deoderizing ability
detergent ability
low cost |
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Term
alcohols as dissinfectants |
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Definition
– Dissolve lipids
– Denature protein
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Term
Chemical disinfectants target |
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Definition
cell membrane
proteins
mitochondria
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Term
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
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Definition
lowest concentration of an antibiotic that
inhibits growth of an organism
kirby-bauer technique
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Term
Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) |
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Definition
lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills
test organism
AKA minimal lethal concentration
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Term
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Definition
– Polymyxins – toxic, for P. aeruginosa infections
– Polyenes – antifungal, targets sterol-containing
membranes
– Azoles – antifungal, block synthesis of membrane sterol
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Term
Direct Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
Translation inhibitors- RNA misreading
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Term
Indirect Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance |
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Definition
• Inactivation of antibiotics– β-lactamase
• Blocking entry of antibiotic
• Pumping antibiotic out of cell
• Altering target enzyme so it is unaffected
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Term
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Definition
mycology- study of fungi
• Fungi are not photosynthetic; heterotrophs
• Most have cell wall
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Term
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Definition
two organisms interact, one benefits
while the other is harmed
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Term
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Definition
Decompose complex organic material
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Term
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Definition
1. Fermentation and distilling industries
– Ex. Citric acid used for cleaners
2. Production of enzymes
– Ex. Cellulase used for stone-washed
jeans
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Term
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Definition
Fungi can produce antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
• Some fungi associate with roots
– Help them obtain nutrients from soil
– Called mycorrhizae
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Term
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Definition
• Phycology: study of algae
• Unicellular and multicellular plants
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Term
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Definition
animal components of plankton |
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Term
Protozoa are found in, can be, have a |
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Definition
moist habitats
aerobic or anaerobic
resting stage called cyst -not as resistant as endospore |
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Term
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Definition
• Amoebic dysentery
• African sleeping sickness
• Malaria
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Term
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Definition
• Cellulose digestion in ruminants and termites |
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Term
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Definition
lack enzymes for protein synthesis/ATP generation
uses host cell machinery |
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Term
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Definition
Host type
Nucleic acid type
capsid symmetry
size
nuclear envelope
replication
gene number
disease caused |
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Term
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Definition
differ from bacteria
based on- mechanisms of penetration, mode of transmission, strategy andlocationof replication |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteriophages
lytic- virulent
lysogenic- temperate |
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Term
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Definition
area of clearing where virus has killed bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Single stranded viruses ex. HIV
enzyme reverse transcriptase RNA to DNA
DNA incorporates into host genome |
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Term
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Definition
plant “virus” that consists only of
ssRNA (lack capsid!)
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