d: gram + rod in chains, PCR, Elisa

v: d-glu antiphag capsule, toxin-edema factor (adenylate cyclase) and lethal factor->MAPK, B subunit- protective antigen

r: spores on animal products,

c: inhaled->lymph nodes->not transmissable, mediastinal widening

cut-> malignant pustule

t:penicillin, cipro, then doxy

p: vaccine, incinerate dead animals

LARGE gram+ rod, spore forming, obligate an

c: gas gangrene, food poisoning

r: soil, colon, vagina,

v: a-plc, intravasc hemo, b-necrotizing, neuramidase-> capilary clotting, enterotoxin

t: debridement, penicillin

r: normal flora, hospital

v: a-enterotoxin->fluid loss, b-cytotoxin->destruction of colon mucosa, nap-1 strain->hypersecretion

d: cytotoxin from stool in cell culture, elisa for toxin

t:metronidazole, vanco, fidaxomicin-stays in gut, lower relapse in non-epi strains

toxin: seven serovars, binds to gangliosides in presynaptic terminal, most lethal toxin, death from respiratory paralysis

t: horse antitoxin

c:1-4 week incubation

toxin: suppresses inhibitory neurons

t: human Ig, penicillin

gram- rods

bact: polysaccharide capsule is virulence factor, endotoxin: no lipid A,

isolated on plates with kana and vanco,

bacteroides: below diaphragm, penicillin resistance->clindamycin or metronidazole

prevotella: above

gram+ anaerobe, normal flora of mucous membrane, iud infection

lumpy jaw

hard to culture, gram - need silver stain, free-living is motile, intracell is not

r: intracell pathogen of freshwater protozoa, biofilm

c: pneumonia, acute renal failure, pancreatitis

pontiac fever resolves spont

d: urine antigen, sputum culture,

t:fluoroquin(covers strep pneumo and mycoplasma), doxycycline, azithro

d: very small, dark field micro,

c: grows in endoth, reagin antibodies, incomplete immunity, tertiary-gummas(liver, bone, testes), aorta aneurysm, neuro-meningitis, tabes dorsalis, gen paresis, congenital-colorfol names bone and teeth, HIV synergy, patchy alopecia, Argyll-Robertson pupil-no rxn to light but HAS constriction w/accomodation

d:VDRL, RPR

t: benzathine pen G, jarisch herxenheimer rxn

yaw- tropical places, pinta- central/south america

corkscrew motion, CAN live outside host

r: pet/livestock urine-worlds most common zoon, cont water

v: toxins

c:"bilious typhoid", acute-vasculitis, sepsis, delayed/immune-liver, kidn, CNS, lungs, eye-conjunctival effusion, uveitis

d: culture urine, cdc

t: pen g, doxy

motile, giemsa/silver

c:lyme disease, hla susceptibility, neuro sequela, 1)erythema migrans, 2)neuro, joints, earlobe, 3)NEURO,

d: ELISA, IF, sero

t:amox, doxy, 10-30 d

b. recurentis- relapsing fever: lice, africa, homeless

tick borne relapsing-various, endemic several regions

il10 response initially, varies surface antigen, fever with a well week in betw, possible CNS, bacteria on blood smear during fever, tetra, doxy, erythro

mycolic acids-acidfastness,

v: structures: phosphatides-caseasous necrosis, cord-virulence, serpentine appearance,  phticerol-lungs

c:intra/extra, guinea pigs, slow growing, no plasmids, prolif within macrophages, ln, kidn, gi, bones, mening

cd4 tcells activate macrophages, cd8 suppressor lyse macro->caseating granulomas, scrofula-cervical lymph node, atypical mycobacterium in kids-foreign body to mouth, genitourinary is common,

cns-test with mri, decreased glucose, elev protein, increased cells

d: ppd, quanterferon-specific for disease, --immunosup

t: long, 4 drugs- isonazid, DOT

30C, armadillos, low susceptibility, LONG incubation, slowest growing pathogen

tuburculoid form: ppd+, <5 skin lesions, immunogenic damage, nerve signs, hypopig macules

lepro: inad CMI response, ppd-, bilaterally symmetric, eye, nasal cart

d: skin smear, mol probe

t:dapsone+rifampin+clofazimine (if lepro)

bliniding- eyelids turn inwards, lymphogranuloma venerum- buboes

t: doxy, azithro

pneumoniae-resp secretions, psitacci-birds: high fever, cutaneous, trachomatic-mom to baby

tularemia, hunters or from pets, not cultured-danger, serology

tetracycline, streptomycin

raw milk, rabbits, premies and elderly, ampicillin and aminoglycoside

pasteurella multocida-cat bite, ampicillin

erysipelothrix- fin puncture, ceph or macrolide

streptobacillus- rat bite, pen

hsv vzv

a:phosph by virus thymidylate kinase-acyclTP inhibits vDNAPol-->low toxicity, focsarnet-used in resistance

val:same as a but with better bioav

t: nephro, neutropen, CNS--all reversible

fam: nucleoside analog, prodrug->penciclovir, same resistance

topical: penciclovir, docosonal, trifluridine-ophth

CMV: nucleoside- also into host DNA

r: UL97 gene, or CMV dnapol

alts:focsarnet or cidofovir

pyrophosphate analog

all known HHV

poor bioav

used in acyclovir/gancyclovir resistance

t: n/v, renal, ions, chromosomal damage, seizures

nucleoside analog-> comp inh of DNA pol

resistant HSV and CMV, and others

must give with probenacid to min renal tox

long t1/2

cidofovir resistant strains are sens to foscarnet

fluA/B, oral neuraminidase inh-prodrug

need to start w/in 48 hrs

prophylaxis

t: n/v, headache

1-4% resistance

inhaled neuraminidase inh

flua/b, >7yrs old, <48h start

prophylaxis

effective in amantidine/oseltamir resistance

fluA- limited by resistnace

inh m2 ion channel

hbv: guanosine analog, 30x more potent than lamivudine-used in resistance to lam and adefovir

some resistance in rebound

well tolerated

phosphonate nucleide analog

hbv- including lamivudine resistant

antiretroviral nucleoside analog

HIV, chronic HBV

prev vert transmiss

2b and pegylated 2a for HBV-->replaced by oral antivirals

HCV:alfacon-1, 2b, pegylated 2a, 2b

ifn + ribavirin is tx of choice

t:flu like---limiting

nucleoside-inh mRNA elongation

oral, IV, inh

HCV in combo with ifn

t: hemoly, terato

dsRNA Activated Capsid Oligomizer

chimeric protein--->causes apoptosis

enveloped

ortho: flus, nuclear repl, -seg RNA

para: paramyxo-mumps, paraflu, morbillivirus-measles, canine distem, pneumo-RSV, henipa-hendra and nipah. -nonseg RNA

bc-only humans

drift-mutation

repl in ciliated URT

abc-NP and M proteins

HN: only H in measles, RSV-G (neither active)

f: fusion, 2 disuplhide links

M: matrix

L and P: polymerase

cytoplasm- vs nuclear for flu

paraflu-infants: croup

RSV-kids: croup

possible re-infection

2-3 day primary, 5-7 secondary- spread to tissue

10-12- cough, fever, throat, conjunctiva

then red maculopapular, koplik spots- no role in transm

at end: lymphoid and skin

more severe in VitA def

humans only reservoir (measles too)

repl of virus in URT

parotid swelling- 16-18d

adults: orchitis->sterility, mening, myocard, nephr,

vaccine: live attenuated

dsDNA, icosahedral, non-enveloped

rodent tumors

ophth, gi, resp: asymp

picornovirus: small+RNA, naked capsid

self limiting urt- best at 33˚

acid labile: unique among picorn

coronavirus-+ssRNA

10-20% diarrhea

URT specific: corona, rhino, HSV, EBV

Both: flu, paraflu, RSV, adeno

retrovirus: 2 +RNA (diploid)

only virus that uses c-transcription to make genome

only virus req cell RNA (tRNA) for repl

only +RNA that is not mRNA

provirus- integrated into host genome

simple: gag, pol, env

lentivirus- slow

trimeric envelope protein: gp120 (knob) gp41 (stalk)

envelope: from host, then matrix, bullet capsule, RNA and reversetranscriptase inside and integrase

ssDNA- parvovirus

dsRNA- rotavirus

poxvirus- dsDNA but doesn't use nucleus

parvovirus, papovirus: recognized by host DNA pol

act via secretion and binding to ifn receptor

inhibit protein synth via eif2 phosph

activate RNA endonuclease degrade all mRNA