Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Infection and Population Affected |
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Definition
Bacterial Meningitis
All ages Especially <2 and elderly
Carriage of S.pneumo in the nasopharynx DECREAES with age |
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Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Adhesins: PspA and CpbA bind to choline on cell surfaces
IgA Protease
Pneumolysin: cytotoxin released when bacteria lyses (prevents Ab binding to bacteria)
Autolysin: causes bacteria to lyse and release contents (increases survival of those that do no lyse)
Capsule: over 90 serotypes
PG/TA: pro-inflammatory (tissue damage) |
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Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Acquisition: aerosols or direct contact with oral secretions
Risk Factors: -Immunosuppression -Distant foci of infection -Low levels of Ab to capsular polysaccharide
Symptoms: -High fever -Severe/persistent headach -Stiff neck -N/V -Others requiring emergency treatment (confusion, sleepiness, difficulties waking up)
Symptoms in Infants: -Irritability and tiredness -Fever -Poor feeding |
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Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Clinical ID |
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Definition
Shape: G(+) diplococcic
Biochemical: -Catalase (-) -Alpha hemolytic -Optochin sensitive -Bile sensitive -Quelling reaction (+) |
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Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Vaccine? |
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Definition
Yes
23-Valent: capsular polysaccharides responsible for ~90% of infections; not conjugated so not for kids under 2
7/13-Valent: capsular polysaccharides that cause disease in kids, immunocompromised and elderly (100% effective for these serotypes); conjugated to diphtheria proteins |
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Term
Neisseria meningitidis: Infection and Population Affected |
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Definition
Bacterial Meningitis
Children and adolescents
Carriage of N.meningitidis in the nasopharynx INCREAES with age |
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Term
Neisseria meningitidis: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
IgA Protease
Pili: adherence to epithelium
LOS: pro-inflammatory (like LPS)
Capsule: A, B, C, Y, and W135 |
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Term
Neisseria meningitidis: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Acquisitions: aerosols of direct contact with oral secretions
Risk Factor: close contact with infected people or areas of outbreak
Symptoms: same as S. pneumo -Hemorrhagic rash with petechiae -Eccymosis/necrosis of fingertips and toes in some cases -Fulminating complications of rash possible (DIC, endotoxemia, shock, renal failure) in 1/3 of cases |
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Term
Neisseria meningitidis: Clinical ID |
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Definition
Shape: G(-) cocci (generally diplococcic)
Growth: fastidious (requires CAP- heme from lysed RBCs)
Biochemical: -Oxidase (+) -Ferments glucose AND maltose |
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Term
Neisseria meningitidis: Vaccine? |
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Definition
Yes
Basics: -Protect against A, C, Y and W135 -Do NOT protect against B (which causes most disease), because it can cause autoimmunity due to sialic acid
MPSV4: polysaccharide vaccine for ages <10 and >55 MCV4: conjugate vaccine for ages 11-55 |
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Term
Haemophlilus influenzae Type B: Infection and Population Affected |
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Definition
Bacterial Meningitis
Children under 5 |
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Term
Haemophlilus influenzae Type B: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
IgA Protease
LPS: pro-inflammatory
Capsule: 6 serotypes (B responsible for meningitis)
Pili: adherence to epithelium
OMPs |
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Term
Haemophlilus influenzae Type B: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Acquisition: aerosols or direct contact with oral secretions
Risk Factors: close contact with infected people or areas of outbreak
Symptoms: same as S.pneumo |
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Term
Haemophlilus influenzae Type B: Clinical ID |
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Definition
Shape: G(-) pleiomorphic coccobacilli
Growth: -Fastidious (requires factor V and X) -Facultative anaerobe
Capsule: -Encapsulated (typeable), OR non-encapsulated (non-typeable) |
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Term
Haemophlilus influenzae Type B: Vaccine? |
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Definition
Yes
Hib Vaccine: against serotype B specifically
Note: protective Abs against Hib would develop naturally by age 5, but vaccine protects before this time |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Infection and Population Affected |
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Definition
Chronic Bacterial Meningitis
Rare Usually people who are immunosuppressed |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Infection Process: -Enter host (droplet inhalation) and infect lung macrophages, forming a granuloma (primary lesion) -Disseminates to LNs, causes short bacteremia that can lead to CNS infection -Tubercle forms at meninges -> Meningitis -> CSF blockage -> Nerve/Blood vessel damage |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Acquisition: aerosol spread or reactivation of latent disease
Risk Factors: -Previous TB infection -Immunosuppression -Travel to endemic areas |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Clinical ID |
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Definition
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Vaccine? |
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Definition
Yes, but not regularly used in the US |
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Term
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep): Congenital(Fetal), Perinatal, and/or Postnatal Infection? |
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Definition
Neonatal Meningitis: Perinatal and Postnatal
Perinatal: -Ascending route in utero through ruptured membranes -Contamination during pass through birth canal Early onset disease -Occurs within 7 days after birth -~60% fatal with long term sequelae
Postnatal: -Acquired after birth, often due to poor hygiene in nursery Late onset disease -Occurs 1 week to 3 months after birth -Lower mortality rate, but still significant |
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Term
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep): Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Adherence
Polysaccharide Capsule: most important -Antiphagocytic
Invasion: -Turn off capsule -Invade respiratory epithelium and brain endothelium (BBB)
Beta-hemolysin: cytotoxin for lung epithelium and brain endothelium |
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Term
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep): Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Leading cause of bacterial neonatal meningitis
Perinatal: -Inhalation of infected amniotic fluid or vaginal secretions -Presents as bacteremia, pneumonia or meningitis
Post natal: -Presents mostly as meningitis -More insidious onset |
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Term
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep): Diagnosis and Treatment |
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Definition
G(+) diplococcic or short chains Lab Tests: -Catalase (-) -Beta-hemolytic
Perinatal: -Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (usually penicillin) to mother
Post-natal: -Good hygiene practices in nursery
TREAT INFECTED INFANT ON SUSPICION!! |
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Term
E.coli K1: Congenital(Fetal), Perinatal, and/or Postnatal Infection? |
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Definition
Bacterial Meningitis: Perinatal and Postnatal
Perinatal: -Ruptured amniotic membranes -During delivery through birth canal
High mortality rate: survivors have long term sequelae |
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Term
E.coli K1: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
K1 Polysialic Capsule: -Resistant to PMN killing -Not necessary for BBB invasion
Invasins (IbeA, IbeB): -Help cross BBB
Type O Ag LPS: -Establish infection
S.Fimbriae: -Establish infection |
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Term
|
Definition
Another common cause of meningitis in neonates
Presentation: -Septicemia: at birth or within 2 days of birth -Meningitis: in infants more than 2 days old
Variable symptoms: -Can be subtle |
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Term
E.coli K1: Diagnosis and Treatment |
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Definition
G(-) rod
TREAT INFECTED INFANT ON SUSPICION!! |
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Term
Listeria monocytogenes: Congenital(Fetal), Perinatal, and/or Postnatal Infection? |
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Definition
Bacterial Meningitis: Congital(Fetal), Perinatal, and Postnatal
Perinatal: -Listeriosis contracted during delivery usually localized to CNS (meningitis) |
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Term
Listeria monocytogenes: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Intracellular: infects many cell types and evades immune system
Internalins: cell evasion
Listeriolysin O: escape from host vacuoles
ActA: actin motility for cell-to-cell spread |
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Term
Listeria monocytogenes: Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Transmission to Mother: primarily food borne
Immunocompromised at risk: macrophage and T cell response to infection normally
Tropism for fetus and placenta: if born alive, septicemia begins within hours |
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Term
Listeria monocytogenes: Diagnosis and Treatment |
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Definition
G(+) rod
Growth: can grow in the refrigerator |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii: Congenital(Fetal), Perinatal, and/or Postnatal Infection? |
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Definition
Both neonatal meningitis and encephalitis
Only Congenital (Fetal): -Transplacental transmission -Most are asymptomatic at birth
Infection is more severe if acquired earlier in pregnancy: -Transmission less likely at this time (more likely later, which causes less severe disease) |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Life cycle: environmentally resistant; can persist in host as tissue cysts
Actin-based motor: has its own actin ; used for invasion
Modification of host vacuole: release proteins that prevent fusion with lysosome |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii: Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Ingest oocyst: -Tachyzoite enters macrophages, which transport to all organ systems Formation of tissue cysts: can last a lifetime
Can only occur if the mother is infected for the FIRST time during pregnancy: often asymptomatic |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii: Diagnosis and Treatment |
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Definition
Obligate intracellular parasite (protozoan)
Prevention during pregnancy: -Don’t change litter box -Avoid uncooked meat -Wash hands well after handling raw meat -Spiramycin: may be given to reduce risk of fetal infection |
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Term
Campylobacteri jejuni: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Low ID: ~800 organisms
Chemotaxis, motility, flagella: attachment and colonization of gut epithelium
Virulence Determinants (after colonization): -Iron acquisition -Host cell invasion -Toxin production -Epithelial disruption |
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Term
Campylobacteri jejuni: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Post-Infectious Syndrome
Acquisition: contaminated food (esp. chicken)
Symptoms: -Food poisoning -Acute paralysis (GBS)
Guillan Barre Syndrome: -Demyelination of peripheral nerves -Cross reactivity between microbial LPS and human gangliosides |
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Term
Campylobacteri jejuni: Clinical ID |
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Definition
Shape: G(-) curved rod
Growth: -42 degrees C (chicken temperature) -Microaerophilic
Motility: darting |
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Term
Polymicrobial Abscesses: Causative Agents |
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Definition
Most polymicrobial: often anaerobes
Gram(+): -Streptococcus* (most common) -Peptostreptococcus -Staphylococcus -Nocardia -Actinomyces
Gram(-): -Bacteroides -Preveotella -Fusobacterium -E.coli -Citrobacter koseri -Proteus mirabilis
AIDS Patients: -Toxoplasma gondii -Cryptococcus |
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Term
Polymicrobial Abscesses: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Acquisition: usually normal flora, and usually a sequelae local or remote infections (do not arise de novo)
Risk Factors: -Immunocompromise -Head injury (skull fracture) -Congenital heart disease in kids -Distal infections (heart, lungs, kidneys etc.) -Local infections (otitis media, dental abscesses, sinusitis)
Space occupying lesion that compresses normal structures: -Headache -Drowsiness -Confusion -Hemiparesis -Seizures -Speech difficulties -Fever -*NO STIFF NECK* |
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Term
Polymicrobial Abscesses: Clinical ID |
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Definition
CT scan: do this prior to lumbar puncture (faster, need to detect quickly due to risk of brain herniation) -Fibrous capsule: can be seen around abscess on CT after 4-5 days |
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Term
Cryptococcus neoformans: Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Latent Infection: primary respiratory infection; usually asymptomatic; can lead to a latent infection (reactivated in immunocompromise CNS)
Capsule: antiphagocytic, prevents complement and Ab deposition
Melanin: protects against oxidative defenses of MØ
Phopholipase B: degrades host phospholipids; aids in tissue destruction and cellular escape
Urease |
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Term
Cryptococcus neoformans: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Fungal Infections: Chronic Meningoencephalitis
Acquisition: inhalation
Source: pigeon excreta and rotting wood
Risk Factors: Immunosuppression
Can cause meningitis and/or encephalitis: see symptoms |
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Term
Cryptococcus neoformans: Clinical ID |
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Definition
Staining: -G(+) yeast -India ink (+): capsule -Calcofluor white (+): fungus
Biochemical: -Urease (+)
Detection of capsular Ag: -CSF or serum |
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Term
Coccidiodes imitis (Valley Fever): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Fungal Infections: Chronic Meningoencephalitis
Acquisition: inhalation
Source: endemic to SW US; no person to person spread
Risk Factors: dispersion of athroconidia -Dust storms -Earthquakes -Earth excavations
Pathogenesis: -Formation of spherules in the lungs - Usually an acute respiratory infection that resolves rapidly (flu-like symptoms) -Can cause chronic infection and dissemination to bones, meninges, joints, subcutaneous and cutaneous tissues (1% of cases disseminate to CNS) |
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Term
Coccidiodes imitis (Valley Fever): Clinical ID |
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Definition
Dimorphic: -Mold at 25 degrees -Spherules at 37 degrees
Endospores: seen in tissues |
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Term
Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Fungal Infections: Chronic Meningoencephalitis
Acquisition: inhalation of macroconidia from soil
Source: bird and bat guano (central and southern US)
Risk Factors: -Immunosuppression -Age (<2, elderly) -Exposure to large inoculum
Pathogenesis: usually subclinical infection in normal hosts -Can disseminate in immunocompromise -Cause of both chronic meningitis or encephalitis (both can be fatal) |
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Term
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Parasitic Infections: Acute Encephalitis
Acquisition: infected Triatome bug bite
Distribution: southern US to southern Argentina
Risk Factors: -Infants -Travel to endemic areas
Symptoms: -Initial sore where bite occurred -Fever -Acute encephalitis -Chronic disease possible (affecting heart, colon or CNS) |
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Term
Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Parasitic Infections: Cerebral Malaria
Acquisition: bite from infected female Anopheles mosquito (spreads from human to human)
Site of Infection: liver and RBCs -Infects liver first (multiplies here the leaves) -Infects RBCs second (lyse, release merozoites that infect other RBCs and continue cycle)
Risk Factors: -Age (<10) -Exposure to endemic areas
Symptoms of Cerebral Malaria (CM): -Widespread disease of the brain -Recurrent episodes of malarial fever (fever, chills, anemia) -If not treated, fatal quickly (24-72 hours) |
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Term
Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria): Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Life Cycle: -Mosquitos pick up gametocytes when they bite infected humans (not affected by diseae) -Sporozoites form in salivary glands of mosquito, and they can transfer to the next human they bite -Sporozoites injected by mosquito, and multiply in liver and then RBCs |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Parasitic Infections: Encephalitis
Primary Infection: flu-like symptoms
Progression: -Encephalitis -Psychotic symptoms (similar to schizophrenia) |
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Term
Poliovirus (Enterovirus): Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Poliomyelitis
Picornaviridae
Genome: +ssRNA Structure: unenveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Single polypeptide: divided into 3 regions (P1, P2, P3) Mature virion release: lysis
Important Functions: Shuts off host cell genes without affecting synthesis of their own proteins (cleave cellular eIF-4G) |
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Term
Poliovirus (Enterovirus): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Most cases caused by Type 1 Poliovirus: only 1% of infections progress to poliomyelitis
Transmission: fecal-oral
Host Attachment: attaches to Pvr
Pathogenesis: flaccid paralysis (destruction of motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord) |
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Term
Poliovirus (Enterovirus): Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Vaccine: -IPV/Salk: inactivated with less GI immunity -Sabin/OPV: live attenuated with risk of reversion
Eradication should be possible: -Vaccination -Humans only reservoirs |
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Term
Coxsackie Virus A/B (Enterovirus): Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Herpangina, Aseptic Meningitis: Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Picornaviridae
Genome: +ssRNA Structure: unenveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Single polypeptide: divided into 3 regions (P1, P2, P3) Mature virion release: lysis
Important Functions: Shuts off host cell genes without affecting synthesis of their own proteins (cleave cellular eIF-4G) |
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Term
Coxsackie Virus A/B (Enterovirus): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
At risk population: children
Transmission: fecal-oral
Host Attachment: may require co-receptor
Group A: -Aseptic meningitis (headache, stiff neck, fever) -Herpangina (ulcers on tonsils and palate) -Hand-foot-mouth disease (A16)
Group B: -Aseptic meningitis (headache, stiff neck, fever) |
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Term
HIV-1: Disease Caused and Viral Family |
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Definition
General Neurological Complications of AIDS: (HIV Associated Dementia)
Retroviridae |
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Term
HIV-1: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Cell Tropism: -T cell tropic -MØ tropic -Neurotropic (still unclear) |
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Term
HIV-1: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
HAART: highly active retroviral treatment; does not provide full protection against neurological damage in AIDS (BBB only partially permeable to anti-retroviral drugs) |
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Term
HTLV-1 (Oncoviridae): Disease Caused and Viral Family |
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Definition
Adult T cell Leukemia Tropical Spastic Parapresis (Neurological Disease)
Retroviridae |
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Term
HTLV-1 (Oncoviridae): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Prevalent Areas: SW Japan, Carribean, S. America, Central and West Africa
Transmission: breast-feeding, sex, blood transfusion, IV drug use |
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Term
HTLV-1 (Oncoviridae): Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
No specific /effective Tx: -IFN-alpha + Zidovudine -Chemotherapy -Zidovudine + Danazol + Vit. C (temporary relief from TSP) |
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Term
West Nile Virus: Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Flaviridae (Arbovirus) Flavivirus 5’ methylated cap No 3’ tail
Genome: linear +ssRNA Structure: enveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Mature virion release: exocytosis |
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Term
West Nile Virus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Reservoir: bids Vector: mosquitoes, ticks Infects: humans, horses, bats, squirrels, domestic rabbits
Human Pathogenesis: abrupt onset flu-like illness -Moderate to high fever -Headache -Sore throat -Back ache and myalgias -Fatigue -Rash -Lymphadenopathy -Acute aseptic meningitis OR encephalitis |
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Term
West Nile Virus: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Vaccine: no
Treatment: Ribavirin
Prevention: mosquito control |
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Term
Yellow Fever: Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Flaviridae (Arbovirus) Flavivirus 5’ methylated cap No 3’ tail
Genome: linear +ssRNA Structure: enveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Mature virion release: exocytosis |
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Term
Yellow Fever: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Symptoms: -High fever and chills -Headache -Vomiting -Jaundice -Hemorrhagic complications -Renal failure |
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Term
Yellow Fever: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Vaccine: yes
Prevention: mosquito control |
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Term
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS): Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Flaviridae (Arbovirus) Flavivirus 5’ methylated cap No 3’ tail
Genome: linear +ssRNA Structure: enveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Mature virion release: exocytosis |
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Term
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Most prevalent: low mortality rate
Transmission: person to person via mosquitoes
Four serotypes: can lead to Ab Dependent Enhancement of virus (ADE)
Symptoms: -Fever -Headache -Lumbosacral pain |
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Term
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS): Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Prevention: mosquito control
ADE: -Abs to one serotype are unable to neutralize other serotypes -Virus + non-neutralizing Ab form infectious immune complex that is easily taken up into MØ -Enhances viral infection |
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Term
St.Louis Encephalitis: Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Flaviridae (Arbovirus) Flavivirus 5’ methylated cap No 3’ tail
Genome: linear +ssRNA Structure: enveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Mature virion release: exocytosis |
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Term
St.Louis Encephalitis: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Reservoir: birds Transmission: mosquito
Symptoms: -Simple febrile headache meningoencephalitis -Mild in children -Elderly at high risk for severe disease |
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Term
St.Louis Encephalitis: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
One of the leading causes of flaviviral encephalitis in the US |
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Term
Hepatitis C: Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Flaviridae (Arbovirus) Hepacivirus No 5’ cap (IRES) No 3’ tail
Genome: linear +ssRNA Structure: enveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm Mature virion release: exocytosis |
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Term
Hepatitis C: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Inflammation of the liver: can lead to cirrhosis
Transmission: blood and secretions |
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Term
Hepatitis C: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
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Term
Togavirus: Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Togaviridae (Arbovirus)
Genome: linear +ssRNA Structure: enveloped icosahedral Replication: cytoplasm |
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Term
Togavirus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Reservoir: marsh birds
Transmission: infected mosquito
Infects: humans, horses, birds, quail and ostriches Symptoms: -Fever -Myalgias -Severe headache -Permanent brain damage -Seizures -Coma |
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Term
Togavirus: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Very rare but very fatal
Pathology: small hemorrhages in the brain and extensive neural damage |
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Term
Rhabdovirus: Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Rabies
Rhabdoviridae (Zoonotic)
Genome: -ssRNA (has RNA dependent viral RNA transcriptase) Structure: bullet shaped (external glycoprotein coat and peripheral matrix protein) Replication: cytoplasm |
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Term
Rhabdovirus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Transmission: animal bite (infected saliva) Incubation Period: up to 12 months Spread: quickly advances to the PNS (submaxillary salivary glands) and the CNS
Early Symptoms: -Non-specific flu like symptoms -Headache -Difficulty swallowing -Hydrophobia Late Symptoms: -Cerebral dysfunction -Anxiety and confusion -Agitation -Hallucinations -Insomnia |
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Term
Rhabdovirus: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Pathology: cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) in neuronal cells -Pyramidal cells of hippocampus -Neurons of cortex -Outer regions of CNS (ie. spinal ganglia)
Diagnosis: no test to rule out with certainty -Fluorescent Ab assay is standard
NO TREATMENT ONCE SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE APPEAR!!
Vaccine: pre-exposure for high risk groups (ie. veterinarians) Post-Exposure: -Local wound tx (wash thoroughly) -Passive immunization (HRIG) -Vaccination (HDCV)
Prevention: vaccinate wild and domestic animals |
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Term
Herpes Simplex Virus: Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
HSV Encephalitis
Herpesviridae DNA Virus |
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Term
Herpes Simplex Virus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Most common form of sporadic fatal encephalitis in adults: mortality is especially high if not treated
Pathogenesis: focal encephalopathy, most often affecting the temporal lobe
Symptoms: -Fever -Altered consciousness and behavior -Severe headache -Disordered thinking -LOC |
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Term
Herpes Simplex Virus: Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Treatment: acyclovir (and others)
Note: while treatment reduces mortality, many people still have long term sequelae |
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Term
Herpes B Virus (Monkey Virus): Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Fatal Encephalitis
Herpesviridae DNA Virus |
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Term
Herpes B Virus (Monkey Virus): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
Transmission: infected secretions from animal (bite or contact with mucous membranes) Highly pathogenic in humans: frequently fatal |
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Term
Herpes B Virus (Monkey Virus): Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Treatment: high dose acyclovir or ganciclovir Long-term sequelae |
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Term
Varicella-Zoster Virus: Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Varies by infection
Herpesviridae DNA Virus |
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Term
Varicella-Zoster Virus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
Varicella (Chickenpox): -Encephalitis (most common, but still rare) -Transient cerebella ataxia (usually self-limiting) -Aseptic meningitis -Transverse myelitis (infection of the spinal cord)
Zoster: -Encephalitis
Congenital Varicella: -Mental retardation -Cerebral atrophy -Other non-CNS abnormalities |
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Term
Cytomegalovirus: Disease Caused and Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Congenital CMV
Herpesviridae DNA Virus |
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|
Term
Cytomegalovirus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
Transmission: transplacental (during primary infection in mother)
If Symptomatic at Birth (~10%): -Intrauterine growth retardation -Hepatosplenomegaly -Microcephaly (w/ long term neurological issues) -Long term sequelae (MR, seizures, blindness, deafness)
Asymptomatic at Birth: still at risk for developing hearing, vision, and intellectual problems |
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Term
John Cunningham Virus (JCV): Viral Family Characteristics |
|
Definition
Human Polyomavirus
Papoviridae
Genome: circular dsDNA Structure: undeveloped icosahedral Replication: nucleus (highly dependent on cellular enzymes for DNA replication/gene expression) |
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Term
John Cunningham Virus (JCV): Etiology/Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
Usually asymptomatic: may cause mild URI
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: in immunocompromise Pathogenesis: loss of myelin due to viral replication in oligodendroytes -Cerebrum (subcortical regions- deep white matter) -Cerebellum or brainstem (less common) Initial Symptoms: -Indicate focal cerebral involvement (personality changes, loss of motor skills, sensory loss) -Less frequently, cerebellar or brainstem involvement (difficulty speaking, swallowing, ataxia) Rapid Progression: death in 2-12 months **Little to no inflammation** |
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|
Term
John Cunningham Virus (JCV): Treatment/Prevention/Other |
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Definition
Treatment: none -Rare remission only if immunocompromise is corrected
Diagnosis: -Suspect in immunocompromise with progressive neurological deficits -CT/MRI (lesions) -PCR (JCV in CSF) -Brain biopsy (rule out other infections that imitate PML) |
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Term
BK Virus: Viral Family Characteristics |
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Definition
Human Polyomavirus
Papoviridae
Genome: circular dsDNA Structure: undeveloped icosahedral Replication: nucleus (highly dependent on cellular enzymes for DNA replication/gene expression) |
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Term
BK Virus: Etiology/Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Usually asymptomatic: may cause mild URI Associated with a few diseases: -Nephropathy in renal transplant patients -Hemorrhagic cystitis in BM transplant patients |
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