Term
| where is beta lactamase found in bacteria? |
|
Definition
| periplasm, space b/t the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| teichoic acid is found in which type of bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which bacteria has no cell wall? |
|
Definition
| mycoplasma, contain sterols |
|
|
Term
| Silver stain is used to detect? |
|
Definition
| legionella and Fungi (eg, Pneumocystis) |
|
|
Term
| what stain is used to diagnose Whipple's disease? |
|
Definition
| PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) |
|
|
Term
| What is Ziehl-Neelsen stain? |
|
Definition
| AKA acid fast, positive red, negative blue |
|
|
Term
| How do you culture H. influenzae? |
|
Definition
| Chocolate agar with factors V and X. |
|
|
Term
| What agar is used to grow TB? |
|
Definition
| Lowenstein-Jensen agar, and it takes 3 to 4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What is MacConkey's agar? |
|
Definition
| for growing lactose fermenting enterics. contains bile salt and crystal violet, gram positive won't grow. fermentation turns pink. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus.
Nagging Pests Must Breathe |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 obligate anaerobes |
|
Definition
Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces.
Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two obligate intracellular |
|
Definition
Rickettsia, Chlamydia. Can't make own ATP.
Stay inside (cell) when it is Really Cold |
|
|
Term
| what does positive quellung reaction mean? |
|
Definition
encapulated bug is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added.
Quellung=capsular "swellung." |
|
|
Term
| which bacteria are encapsulated bacteria? |
|
Definition
Klebseilla pneumoniae, Salmonella, Streptococus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (B polysaccharide), and Neisseria meningitidis.
Kapsules Shield SHiN. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 bugs that are urease positive? |
|
Definition
Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma
Particular Kinds Have Urease |
|
|
Term
| What's bacterial virulence factor Protein A and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| S. Aureus. Binds Fc region of Ig. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
What's IgA protease?
What does it do?
which bugs have it? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme that cleaves IgA. Screted by S. Pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Neisseria (SHiN) in order to colonize respiratory mucosa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (group A streptococcus), helps prevent phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| what exotonxin does corynebacterium diphtheriae have? |
|
Definition
| it inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) |
|
|
Term
| what exotoxins does E coli have? |
|
Definition
heat-labile toxin stimulates Adenylate cyclase. heat-stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase. Both causes diarrhea.
"Labile like the Air, Stable like the Ground" |
|
|
Term
| how does clostridium perfringens toxin work? |
|
Definition
| it's an alpha toxin that causes gas gangrene, it produced gaps in membrane |
|
|
Term
| how does C. Tetani toxin work? |
|
Definition
| it blocks the relase of inhibitory neurotansmitter GABA and glycine; causes "lockjaw." |
|
|
Term
| how does C. Botulinum toxin work? |
|
Definition
| blocks the release of Ach |
|
|
Term
| how does Bacillus antracis toxin work? |
|
Definition
| Edema factor, part of the toxin complex, is an adenylate cyclase. |
|
|
Term
| Is S. Saprophyticus novobiocin sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is S. epidermidis novobiocin sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Viridian streptococci Optochin sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is S. Pneumoniae optochin sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) bacitracin sensitive or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can penicillin G and Vancomycin be used on gram negative bugs? |
|
Definition
| no. the gram negative outer membrane layer inhibits entry of penicillin G and vancomycin. We can use penicillin derivative ampicillin |
|
|
Term
| Can N. gonorrhoeae ferment maltose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is N. gonorrhoeae associated with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can N. meningitidis ferment maltose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrome is associated with which bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you grow Legionella pneumophila? |
|
Definition
charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine.
French legionnaire with his silver helmet (silver statin), sitting around a campfire (charcoal) with his iron dagger (iron)-he is no sissy (cysteine). |
|
|
Term
| What's triple therapy for H. Pylori? |
|
Definition
1. metronidazole, bismuth, and either tetracycline or amoxicillin;2
2. metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin |
|
|
Term
| What are the three spirochetes? |
|
Definition
Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the tick that transmits Borrelia burgdorferi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Treponema pallidum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Argyll Robertson pupil? |
|
Definition
| associated with neurosyphillis. Accommodates but does not react to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Venereal disease research lab test...for syphillis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FTA (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody) - Abs (absorption). for treponemes.
Find The Antibody-ABSolutely:
most specific
earliest positive
Remains positive the longest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VDRL
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pathogen you can get from unpasteurized diary products? |
|
Definition
1. Brucella spp.->brucellosis/undullant fever
2. listeria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell. Clue cells.
I don't have a CLUE why I smell FISH in the VAGINA GARDEN |
|
|
Term
| what's the classic triad of rickettsiae? |
|
Definition
| Headache, fever, and rash(vasculitis) |
|
|
Term
Where does Rickettsial rash start?
Where does typhus rash start? |
|
Definition
| Rickettsia on the wRist, Typhus on the Trunk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Q fever is Queer because it has no rash, has no vector, and has negative Weil-Felix (a test for rickettsiae), and its causative organism can survive outside for a long and does not have Rickettsia as a its genus name (caused by Coxiella burnetii) |
|
|
Term
| What is Weil-Felix reaction? |
|
Definition
| positive for Rickettsia. Pt's serium is mixed with Proteus antigens, antirickettsial antibodies corss react and agglutinate. |
|
|
Term
| Does Mycoplasma pneumoniae contain cell wall? contain cholesterol in membrane? |
|
Definition
| No cell wall, the only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol. Therefore we have to treat with tetracycline or erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| what kind of helminth is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which parasite causes brain cysts and seizsure? |
|
Definition
| Taenia solium (cysticercosis) |
|
|
Term
| What causes Typhoid fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when viruses with segmented genomes (eg, influenza virus) exchange segments. High frequency recobination. cause of worldwide influenza pandemics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses. |
|
|
Term
| how live attenuated vaccines induce immunity differently than killed vaccines? |
|
Definition
| live attenuated vaccines induce humoral and cell medicated immunity while killed vaccine only induce humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| what's the only live attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV positive pt? |
|
Definition
| MMR = Measles, mumps, and rubella |
|
|
Term
| what's the only DNA virus that does not have dsDNA? |
|
Definition
| Parvoviridae. "part-of-a-virus" |
|
|
Term
| What's the only dsRNA virus? |
|
Definition
| reoviridae. "repeato virus" |
|
|
Term
| Are purified dsDNA and (+) strand ssRNA virus infectious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are purified nucleic acids of (-) strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses infectious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are most viruses haploid? what's the exception? |
|
Definition
| all viruses are haploid except retroviruses. |
|
|
Term
| DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus or the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is HBV an RNA or DNA virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What causes conjunctivitis or "pink" eye?
DNA, RNA?
naked? enveloped? |
|
Definition
| adenovirus, which is a naked DNA virus |
|
|
Term
what virus causes aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, "slapped cheeks" rash-erythema infectiosum (fifth diease)?
DNA, RNA?
enveloped? |
|
Definition
Parvovirus B19
ssDNA, naked |
|
|
Term
| Does papillomavirus has an envelop? DNA or RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does Polyomavirus or JC virus cause?
DNA, RNA?
envoloped? |
|
Definition
| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV. DNA and naked |
|
|
Term
| Are poxvirus which causes smallpox DNA or RNA viruses? enveloped or naked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name three disease that's caused by EBV |
|
Definition
Mononucleosis
Burkitt's lymphoma
nasopharygeal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to assay for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV
Tzanck heavens I do no have herpes |
|
|
Term
| Is Poliovirus RNA or DNA? Has envelop? |
|
Definition
| Piconaviruses family, RNA and has no envelope |
|
|
Term
| Rhinovirus RNA or DNA? has envelope? |
|
Definition
| Piconaviruses family, RNA, naked |
|
|
Term
| Is Coxsackievirus RNA or DNA? has envelope? |
|
Definition
| Piconavirus, RNA and naked |
|
|
Term
| Is HAV RNA or DNA, enveloped? |
|
Definition
| Piconavirus family, naked and RNA |
|
|
Term
| pt presents with high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice. Councilman bodies seen in liver |
|
Definition
| Yellow fever, caused by flavivirus |
|
|
Term
| what virus is the major cause of actue diarrhea in the United States during winter, especially in day-care centers, kindergartens? |
|
Definition
Rotavirus
ROTA=Right Out The Anus. |
|
|
Term
| what virus contains hemagglutinin and neuraminidase? |
|
Definition
Influenza viruses
hemagllutinin promotes viral entry and neuraminidase promotes progeny virion release. |
|
|
Term
| what are the five pathogens of TORCH infections? |
|
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Other infections
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes |
|
|
Term
a small child presents with cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Â His month looks like this
[image] |
|
Definition
Measles
3Cs of measles;
Cough
Coryza
Conjenctivitis
and look for Koplik spots. |
|
|
Term
| pt presents with parotitis, Orchitis(inflammation of testes), and aseptic Meningitis. |
|
Definition
Mumps, a paramyxovirus
Mumps makes your partoid glands and testes as big as POM-poms |
|
|
Term
pt presents with fever, malaise, photophobia, and hydrophobia, what this is image?
[image] |
|
Definition
| Rabies infection. The picture is Negri bodies, cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus. |
|
|
Term
| what pathogen is kaposi's sarcoma associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 types (sporadic, inherited, and acquired) prion diseases |
|
Definition
Sporadic: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
inherited: Gerstmann-Staussler-Scheinker syndrome
Acquired: Kuru |
|
|
Term
| What's the dominant flora in skin? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
|
|
Term
| what's the dominant flora in the nose? |
|
Definition
| S. epidermidis; colonized by S. Aureus |
|
|
Term
| what's the dominant flora in Oropharynx? |
|
Definition
| Viridans group streptococci |
|
|
Term
| what's the dominant flora in Dental plaque ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the dominant flore in colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the dominant flore in vagina? |
|
Definition
| Lactobacilius, colonized by E. coli and group B strep |
|
|
Term
| What pathogens are found in contaminated seafood? |
|
Definition
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus |
|
|
Term
| what pathogens are found in reheaded rice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogens are found in meats, mayonnaise, and custard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogens are found in reheated meat dishes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogens are found in improperly canned foods (bulging cans)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogens are found in undercooked meat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen is found in poultry, meat, and eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen is comma or S shaped and grows at 42C, oxidase positive, gram neg, acid resistant, and gives you bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen is lactose neg and has flagellar and motile and gives you bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen is lactose negative, has very low ID50, and produces Shiga toxin and gives you bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen has O157:H7, can cause HUS, and makes Shiga-like toxin and gives you bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen invades colonic mucosa and gives you bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen is involved with day care outbreaks, gives you pseudoappendicitis, and bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen gives you bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what protozoan which gives you liver abcess also causes bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen causes traveler's diarrhea and produces ST and LT toxins? Watery diarrhea only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what comma-shaped organisms causes rice water non-bloody diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen gives you gas gangrene and watery diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which protozoa causes watery diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which protozoa causes watery diarrhea in immunocompromised pt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 pathogens that causes atypical pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 common pathogens that causes new born meningitis? |
|
Definition
Group B strep
E. Coli
Listeria |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 pathogens of meningitis in children (6mos to 6 yrs)? |
|
Definition
streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Enteroviruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 pathogens that can cause meningitis in 6 to 60 yr olds? |
|
Definition
N. meningitidis
Enteroviruses
S. pneumoniae
HSV |
|
|
Term
| what 3 pathogens that can cause meningitis in 60 yrs +? |
|
Definition
S. pneumoniae
Gram neg rods
Listeria |
|
|
Term
| what viruses can cause meningitis? |
|
Definition
| enteroviruses (esp. coxackievirus), HSV, HIV, West Nile virus, VZV |
|
|
Term
| what pathogens can cause meningitis in HIV pt? |
|
Definition
cryptococcus
CMV
toxoplasmosis (brain abscess)
JC virus (PML) |
|
|
Term
| which type of pathogen that can cause meningitis but has since declined in the last 10 to 15 years due to vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's the cause of meningitis with these CSF findings? bacterial? Fungal/TB, or viral?
incr'd pressure
incr'd PMNs
incr'd proteins
decr'd sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's the cause of meningitis with these CSF findings? bacterial? Fungal/TB, or viral?
incr'd pressure
incr'd lymphocytes
incr'd proteins
decr'd sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's the cause of meningitis with these CSF findings? bacterial? Fungal/TB, or viral?
incr'd/normal pressure
incr'd PMNs
incr'd/normal proteins
normal sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common pathogen to cause osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the most common pathogen to cause osteomyelitis in sexually active people? |
|
Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare), septic arthritis more common. |
|
|
Term
| what's the most common pathogen to cause oesteomyelitis in diabetics and durg addicts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common pathogen to cause osteomyelitis in people with sickle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most pathogen to cause osteomyelitis in people with prosthetic replacement? |
|
Definition
| S. aureus and S. epidermidis |
|
|
Term
| what's the most common cause of vertebral osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott's disease) |
|
|
Term
| what pathogen causes osteomyelitis from cat or dog bites or scratches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pt presents with dysuria, frequency, urgency, superpubic pain, and WBCs (but not WBC casts) in urine. What is the diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What EMB agar is used to grow? |
|
Definition
| eosin-methylene blue agar, for E. Coli. Grows as blue black colonies with metallic sheen. |
|
|
Term
| What's the leading bug that causes UTI? |
|
Definition
| E. coli. grows on EMB agar and shows metallic sheen |
|
|
Term
| what's the 2nd leading cause of community-acquired UTI in sexually active women? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
|
|
Term
| in UTI test, leukocyte esterase positve means water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in UTI tests, nitrite test positive means what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the torch infections? |
|
Definition
| microbes that may pass from mother to fetus. can cause including hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and growth retardation. |
|
|
Term
| Pt presents with painful genital ulcer and inguinal adenopathy. What's the diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi (it's so painful, you "do cry") |
|
|
Term
| pt presents with genital wars and finds include koilocytes. diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pt presents with painless chancre, diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| treponema pallidum (syphillis) |
|
|
Term
| mech of bacitracin, vancomycin |
|
Definition
| block peptidoglycan synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disrupt bacterial cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| mech of sulfonamides, trimethoprim |
|
Definition
| block nucleotide synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mech of choloramphenicol, marcolides, clidamycin, treptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin), linozolid |
|
Definition
block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit
Buy at 30, CCELL at 50 |
|
|
Term
| mech of aminoglycosides, tetracyclines |
|
Definition
block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit
Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50 |
|
|
Term
| what are the three antipseudomonals? |
|
Definition
ticarcillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin
TCP: Take Care of Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the drug of choice for penicillin allergic pt and those with renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 major side effects of vancomycin? |
|
Definition
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing-"redman syndrome"
NOT the redman! |
|
|
Term
| Why is aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerboes? |
|
Definition
| because it requires oxygen for uptake. |
|
|
Term
| three side effects of aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
NOT!
nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Teratogen |
|
|
Term
| what is demeclocycline used for other than as an antibitic? |
|
Definition
| It's also an ADH antagonist, it can act as a Diuretic in SIADH. |
|
|
Term
| what kind of antibiotics are Erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin? |
|
Definition
| they are all macrolides...blocks 50S subunit |
|
|
Term
| what is the drug of choice for atypical pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the key side effects of macrolides? |
|
Definition
Prolonged QT interval
GI discomfort->noncompliance
increases serum concentration of theophyllines |
|
|
Term
| what are the key side effects of Chloramphenicol? |
|
Definition
Bone narrow suppression
so basically anemia, aplastic anemia, and gray baby syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what is the drug of choice for osteomyolitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the key side effect of Sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity reactions...which can cause Stevens Johnson syndromes |
|
|
Term
| what's trimethoprim's key key side effect? |
|
Definition
Trimethoprim=TMP
"Treats Marrow Poorly"
megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| which antibiotics causes tendonitis and tendon rupture in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four drugs of RIPE therapy for TB? |
|
Definition
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol |
|
|
Term
| What's an important side effect of ethambutol, part of the RIPE treatment for TB? |
|
Definition
| optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness) |
|
|
Term
| what vitamin def does isoniazid cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's an side effect of rifampin that's very dramatic but nonhazardous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the treatment for VRE? |
|
Definition
| linezolid and streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin) |
|
|
Term
| How does amphotericin B work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the "Azoles" work? |
|
Definition
| inhibit fungal sterol (ergosterol) synthesis |
|
|
Term
| How does griseofulvin work? |
|
Definition
| interferes with microtubule function |
|
|
Term
| how does flucytosine work? |
|
Definition
| inhibits DNA synthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil |
|
|
Term
| how does caspofungin work? |
|
Definition
| inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of beta-glucan |
|
|
Term
| how does terbinafine work? |
|
Definition
| inhibit enzyme squalene epoxidase |
|
|
Term
| what's the mech of amantadine? |
|
Definition
blocks viral penetration/uncoating.
not used anymore b/c of resistance |
|
|
Term
| how do Zanamivir, oeseltamivir work? |
|
Definition
| inhibit influenza neuraminidase, decrease the release of progeny virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit synthesis or guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase->guanosine analog. trphophate formed by cellular enzymes. perfereentially inhibits viral DNA ploymerase by chain termination |
|
|
Term
| How does Ganciclovir work? |
|
Definition
| 5'-monophosphate formed by a CMV viral kinase or HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Guanosine anagloy. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinase. Perferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase. |
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Term
| Which one is more toxic? Acyclovir or Ganciclovir? |
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Definition
| Ganciclovir. More toxic to host enzymes than acyclovir. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor that binds to the pyrophosphate-binding site of the enzyme. Does not require activation by viral kinase. |
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Term
| when do you use foscarnet? |
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Definition
| CMV retinitis in immunocompromised pts when ganciclovir fails; acyclovir-resistant HSV. |
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Term
| what kind of drugs are Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, and amprenavir? |
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Definition
| All protease inhibitors end in -navir. they work by inhibit maturation of new virus by blocking protease in progeny virions. |
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Term
| what two drugs must HAART generally entail? |
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Definition
| protease inhibitor and reserve transcriptase inhibitor |
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Term
| How does enfuvirtide work? |
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Definition
| it's an fusion inhibitor, it binds viral gp41 subunit; inhibit conformational change required for fusion with CD4 cells |
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Term
| what are the 9 drugs to avoid during pregnancy? |
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Definition
Sulonamides
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Erythromycin
Metronidazole
Tetracyclines
Ribavirin
Griseofulvin
Choloramphenicol |
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Term
| What bacteria can survive extreme heat? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what's more virulent? Shigella or salmonella? |
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Definition
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Term
| give one example of an reducing sugar. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What's the most common cause of renal stone? |
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Definition
idiopathic hypercalciuria
normal cerium calcium
elevated calcium in urine |
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Term
| what component is gp120 in HIV? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what component is gp41 in HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what component is p17 in HIV? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what component is p24 in HIV? |
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Definition
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