exposure through consumer, household products

pharmaceuticals

industrial waste

Cell Nucleous

Chromosomes

Gene

DNA

-where chromosomes live

-contain all genetic info

-a segmest of a chromosome

-the materials from which chromosomes are consturcted

1. DNA->transcription->mRNA->translation-> protein

2. DNA is a linear polymer of repeating nucleotides monomers

3. Letters of DNA are A,T,G,C

4. A is always with T and G alwayswith C

5. RNA, T is substituted for U

Proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene, after mutation or increased expression

-the code for proteins that help regulate cell growth and differtiation

mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, dna repair genes cause cancer

-other mutations occur in: cell death genes, cell signaling genes, cell cycle checkpoint genes, metastasis/invasion genes cellular senescence (aging) genes, carcinogen (activating/deactivating)

-200 types of cells in human body

-average adult has 10^14 cells in total

-groups of cells make up tissues

- groups of tissues form organs

-groups of organs make up an organ system

-reproduce exactly

-stop reproducing at right time

-stick in the right place

-self destruct if necessary

-become specialized or mature

-decreased dependence on external growth factors

-exhibit decreased density dependent growth inhibition

-cancer cell proliferation is anchorage independent

-limitless replicative potential 

-

How Cancer Spreads

-primary cancer

-secondary cancer

-the place where cancer started

-the place where cancer spreads (metastasis)

Vasculongenisis

Angiogensis

Three ways for cancer to spread

-formation of new blood vessells when there are no preexisting ones

-dentoes the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones

1. local spread

2. through blood circulations

3. through lymphatic system

1. lymphnodes-cells of the immune system, recognize and eliminate invading pathogens

2. respiratory system- cilia line the airway and move mucus upward and out of respiratory tract

3. Skin- forms a barrier against invating pathogens

4. White blood cells- attack pathogens in both blood and other tissues of the body

5. spleen- protects body against bacterial infections

6. stomach and intestines- acid kills most harmful bacteria

Cancer Epidemiology

What is epidemiology?

-study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why

-looks for causes and risk factors of disease to propose effective strategies for disease prevention and control

-experimental, descriptive, observational

-never prove causation

-only show risk is associated with higher incidence of disease in population

-strength of the study depends ont he number of cases controls included

just like animal testing

limited by ethical and legal considerations

-analyzes data on the distribution and extent of health problems in various populations

-tries to find correlations between diet, air quality and occupation

Bias

Detection Bias

Recall Bias

Selection Bias

Publication Bias

Experimenter bias

1.equivilant methods not used

2. self reporting without medical records

3. non random control groups

4. negative results not reported

5. expection, blinding needed

incidence of a disease is the rate which new cases occur in a population during a specific time period

number of people in a given population that has a certain type of cancer at a specific point in time

all cases--newly diagnosed or preexisting

-a reasearch study in human volunteers to answer health questions

-fastest and safest way to find treatments

-intervential trials- determine whether experimental treatments are safe

-obeservational trials- address health issues in large gropus of people in natural settings

-respiratory and lung cancer

-industry known and covered up

-exposed as corcinogeic in 1964

-secondary risks

-massive lawsuits

-widely sold outside of usa

-synergistic effect

asbestos is occupational exposure

short exposure to asbestos increases risk

asbestos widespread in various products