Lacks a nuclear envelope

Has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Lacks mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles

Lacks a cytoskeleton

Membrane-bound vesicles that arise from the Golgi Apparatus

Contain hydrolytic enzymes

Function in the destruction and recycling of old organelles

Cell surface structures that generally enable cells to adhere to certain substances

Some types are involved in a mechanism of DNA transfer

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Father of microbiology

Showed air is filled with microorganisms

Proved by filtering air through cotton and showed organisms in cotton

Best studied organism on earth

Requires significant energy

Rarely break spontaneously at physiological temperature

Can be polar or non-polar

Gaining or losing electrons

Electrons leave first atom and become part of outer orbital of second atom

Leads to charged atoms (ions)

Atoms that lose become positive, atoms that gain electrons become negative

Weaker in water (100x) than covalent bonds

EASILY BROKEN at room temperature

First scientist to disprove spontaneous generation

Rotting meat theory

Infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms

KOCH

MICROSCOPE

Reflects number of visible shades in a specimen

Higher contrast achieved for microscopy through instrumentation or specimen with brightfield light microscopes

MICROSCOPE

Amplifies difference between refractive indexes of cells and surrounding medium

Uses set of rings and diphagrams to achieve resolution

Does not require staining to view slides

MICROSCOPE

Causes specimen to appear 3D

Uses twin light beams

MICROSCOPE

Reverse image

Specimen appears bright on dark background, like a photographic negative

Achieves image through modified condenser

Collects light which scatters through specimen

MICROSCOPE

A light microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances using the phenomena of flourescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to reflection and absorption

MICROSCOPE

Used to conduct 3D image of thicker structures from z scans

Provides detailed sectional views of internal structures of an intact organism

Laser sends beam through sections of organisms

Computer constructs 3D image from sections

MICROSCOPE

A(n) ______is a type of microscope that uses electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image. They have much greater resolving power than light microscopes and can obtain much higher magnifications

MICROSCOPE

Highest magnification

Used to observe fine detail through cell

Directs beam of electrons at specimen

MICROSCOPE

Observe fine detail

Beam of electrons scan SURFACE of specimen

Specimen coated with metal, usually gold

MICROSCOPE

Capable of seeing single atoms

Not used as much...

DYE

Positive charge

Most commonly used

DYE

Negative charge

Background dye

STAIN

Strong positive charge

Cations

Does not retain crystal violet

No peptidoglycan

Has outer membrane

PINK/RED

Retains crystal violet

Peptidoglycan

No outer membrane

PURPLE

Cluster of bacteria (bacterial cities)

Not multicellular, but behave in a multicellular way

Do not exist as free protons but rather H30 (Hydronium Ions)

Measures 14 ions

Atom or molecule which has lost or gained more than one electron, giving it a positive or negative charge

"Opposites attract"

When dry, these form crystals

Water separates these by solvation

Smallest and simplest group

RNA

No protein coat

MICROSCOPE

Most common and easy to use

Magnification, resolution, contrast

Resolution: ability to clearly resolve two objects that are very close together

-min distance existing b/t 2 objects where those objects still appear as separate

1990

16s sequences

Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya introduced in what year?

Why?

Single-celled organisms...

Contain no membrane-bound nucleus

Cytoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall

Metabolically diverse

Single-celled or multicellular

Contain chlorophyll

Rigid cell walls

Single celled (yeast) or multicellular (molds)

Gain energy from organic material

Found wherever organic materials are present

Single-celled/complex

Larger than prokaryote

No rigid cell wall

Most are motile

Gain energy  from organic matter

More dense than a solid

Dissolves polar and ionic compounds, thus most compounds in the cell

Excludes non-polar (oil & water)

High surface tension ("sticky")

Very high heat capacity

Most versatile

Catalyze reactions

Composition & shape of certain bacterial structures

Gene regulation

Nutrient procurment

Composed of 20 amino acids

Typical ____ is ~300aa

Non-polar

Buried in protein away from water

Carry genetic code in all cells

"Blueprint"

Decodes sequence of amino acids to produce proteins

"Copy"

Composed of 3 units

     1. Nitrogen containing ring compound

-Nitrogenous base

                     -Purine (Adenine & Guanine)

                            -Pyrimidine (Thymine & Cytosine)

2. 5 Carbon Sugar Molecules       

 3. Phosphate Group                    

"Gatekeepers" to the cell

Heterogenous group of molecules

Insoluble in water

Smallest of the 4 macromolecules

Energy rich; used for storage for fats

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Most common: fats

 -Solid @ room temp

-Made of glycerol & fatty acids

Embedded with more than 200 proteins

Proteins function as receptors and transport gates

Proteins are NOT stationary, they are constantly changing position