water

used in TCA and glycolysis, converts pyruvic to acetic acid

-lastic acid build up (pyruvic turns to LA instead), wernicks encephalopathy, can lead to demylination

plants, cereal grain

- water

- makes FAD which is needed in TCA cycle

- TCA cycle and beta oxidation of FA stop, convulsions, brachycardia, anemia, conjunctivitis and bv growth on cornea, and curled toe paralysis in chickens

-liver, yeast, milk, green leafy veg

water

- removal of electrons in TCA cylcle and production of ATP

-pellagra is a NAD def, dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, black tonque (bleeding gums and dark tongue)

- made from tryptophan but qty too low, liver, yeast, peanuts

-water

- co-enzyme for rxns involving breakdown of AAs (eg transamination, deamination, decarboxylation

-death, weight loss, anemia, convulsions, coma, failure to grow

-peanuts, grains

- water

- used to make coenzyme A, beta oxidation of FA need CoA

-dermatitis, scaly skin, alopecia,

- water

- carboxylation rxns (make pyruvate into oxaloacetate)

- scaly skin, dermatitis, hair loss, abnormal feather structure, avidin in raw eggs can induce def, chx wih mild def can result in FA liver and kidney syndrome (--> death) \

-made by animal itself, requirements low

- water

-involved with synthesis of methionine and purine 

-flat mucosa on microvilli causing malabsoption, anemia, methtexrate is a folic analogue (causing 2nd def)

-spinach and other leafy vegs

- water

- methylationof folic acid therefore B12 def mimics symptoms of folic acid def, converts propionic acid to succinyl CoA

- pernicious anemia, neuro problems, cobalt def can induce B12 def in ruminants as Co is part of the B12 structure

-made by bacteria, can only be absorbed via protein intrinsic factor

-water

-involved in redox rxns, needed by adrenal glands to produce hormones, needed to hydroxylate proline in order to be incorporated into collagen to aid in strength

-scruvey!, hemoragging, bone defects, teeth falling out, poor wound healing

- can be made from glucose using the enzyme L-gylonoactone oxidase (humans/primates/guinea pigs lack this), citrus, green leafy veg, potatoes

-fat

- mainly obtained in pro-vit form of beta-carotene --> converted to vit A in SI of herb. via 15-15' dioxygenase enzyme, required by retina of eyes, epithelial need, can be made into retinoic acid that can act as a hormone which binds to chromosomes to express gene. info

- night blindness, cornea cloudiness (keratomalacia), keratinizing metaplasia, malabsoroption in SI, spermogeneis hindered, abortion, dermatitis, slow/halted growth, bone remodeling problems, susceptibilty to infection

- acute tox --> desquamation of epi cells (skin sloughing off), liver failure

-chronic tox --> slow, ectopic bone growth on joints (eventually fuse), mobility hindered, cats appear scruffy

- green veggies, adipose of horses, egg yolks

- fat

- functions as steroid, maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in ECF via conversion of vit D via kidneys into 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D this causes release of Ca2+ into blood from bone

- rickets/osteomalacia (compact bone shaft diminished, no spongy bone, at epiphyseal plate only cartilage remains, not converted to bone b/c not enough Ca2+), increased rate of infection

- most tox of all, acute- quick, CNS and cardiac hindered, high dose in rat poison

chronic- hypercalemia, precipation of Ca in tissues, bv calicify and loose elasticity

- can be made from pro-vit D via enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterole found in skin when exposed to light (cats miss this enzyme), butter

- fat

- blood clotting (in order for Ca to bind to inactive clotting proteins to activate them, vit K must be present

-hemmoraging (blood cant clot), sweet clover contains dicumerol which has anti-vit activity, wafarine in rat poison

- plants in form of phylloquinone 3 and bacterial fermentation in form of menoquinon 7

Fatty Acids

(linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acid)

- fat

- needed for membrane function as PUFAs increase membrane fluidity, arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoid hormones which are involved in variety of functions

- linoleic and linolenic can be made by plants, arachidonic only animals, animals can make ara- from li- and li-

(except cats, they cannot turn lioleic from lenolenic so need to be given either lenolenic or arachidonic