The science that studies human society and social behavior.

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How people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior.

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The related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior.

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The positive consequence that an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system.

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Max Weber; The empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.

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Max Weber; A description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society.

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A systematic explanation of the relationships among phenomena.

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The negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.

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Observable fact or event.

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Comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures.

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Science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms.

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Study of how an individual's behavior and personality are affected by the social environment.

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Study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs.

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Study of the organization and operation of governments.

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Study of past events.

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Perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.

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General set of assumptions about the nature of phenomena. In the case of sociology, a theoretical perspective outlines certain assumptions about the nature of social life.

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Intended and recognized elements of some element of society.

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Unintended and unrecognized elements of some element of society.

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Anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it. Language, gestures, images, sounds, physical objects, events, and elements of the natural world can serve as symbols as long as people recognize that they convey a particular meaning.

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Sum total behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.

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Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.

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Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern.

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Interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society.

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Interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.

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Taking or pretending to take the role of others.

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Specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, other relatives, and friends, who have a direct influence on our socialization.

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Unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity.

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Part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.

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Systematic study of the biological asis of all social behavior.

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Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge.

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Internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.

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Specific individuals, groups, and instituions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur.

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primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics.

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Newspapers, magazines, books, telebision, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the indiciduals sending the informations and those receiving it.

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Setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and subjected to the control of officials of varied ranks.

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Break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.

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Shared products of human groups. These product include both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group.

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Physical objects created by human groups. Sociologists and anthopologists use the term aritfacts to refer to the physical objects of material culture.

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Abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work pratices, and political and economic systems.

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Group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way to share a common culture and feeling of unity.

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Shard beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.

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Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.

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Norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them-the common customs of everyday life.

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Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups.

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Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.

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Process by which a norm becomes a part of an indicidual's personality, thereby conditioning the indicidual to conform to society's expectations.

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Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.

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Sanction in the form of a reward.

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Sanction in the form of a punishment of the threat of punishment.

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System of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by society.

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Long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.

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Knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment for practical purposes.

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Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.

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Organization of written and spoken symbols into a standardized system.

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Norms that have great moral significance attached to them.

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Written rule of conduct that is enacted and enforced by the government. By definition, the violation of these norms is considered a criminal act.

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Combination of a numer of culture complexes into an interrelated whole.

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Individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need.

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Cluster of interrelated culture traits.

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Common features that are found in all human cultures.

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Group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture.

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Group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.

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Extreme self-centeredness

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Reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization or regulatory body, such as the government, the police, a corporation, or a school.

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Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or individuals.

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Spread of culture traits (ideas, acts, beliefs, and material objects) from one society to another.

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Behavior that violates significant social norms.

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Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.

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Repeated criminal behavior.

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Policy that allows each group within society to keep its unique cultural identity.

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Extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population.

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Blending of culturally distinct roups ointo a single group with a common culture and identity.

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Mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.

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Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.

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Category of people who share inherited physical characteristics and who are percieved by others as being a distinct group.

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Unsupported generalization about a category of people.

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Proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals.

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Process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.

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Set of cultural characteristics that distinguishes one group from another group.

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Denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership.

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Oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people.

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Ownership of one group of people by another group.

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Maintaining control over a group throgh force.

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Practice of placing blame for one's troubles on an innocent individual or group.

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Category of people who share physical characteristcs or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment.

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Prediction that results in behavior that makes the prediction come true.

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Nonconformity that results in the indiciduals who commit acts of secondary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.

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Status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control. Age, sex, family heritage, and race are examles of ascribed statuses.

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Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability.

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Set of two or more people who ineract on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.

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Group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction.

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System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society.

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Specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.

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Type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plots as the main form of subsistence.

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Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.

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Ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.

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Nonprofit association formed to pursue some common interest.

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Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.

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State of balance between cooperation and conflict.

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Interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people.

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Deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm, or resist the will of another person or persons.

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Interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.

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Individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to recieve a reward in return for actions.

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Type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and animals as the main form of subsistence.

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Situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role.

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Corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses.

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Socially defined position in a group or in a society.

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Behavior--the rights and obligations--expected of someone occupying a particular status.

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Network orf interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction.

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Status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity.

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Socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role.

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Type of society in which food production--carried out throught the use of human and animal labor--is the main exonomic activity.

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Practice of exchanging one good for another.

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