Behaviors that promote group cohesion, reconciliation, consolation, and simple amicable interactions

the concept that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change

the study of human biological variation within and among populations, human evolutionary history, genetics, and primate biology and social behavior

evolutionary changes, in allele frequencies that are produced by random factors in small populations

-most primitive of the primates

-include lemurs and lorises

-characteristics

   - reliance on olfaction

   - laterally placed eyes

   - shorer gestation and maturation periods

   - "dental comb"

- heavily forested areas of Borneo & Sumatra

- almost completely arboreal

- pronounced sexual dimorphism

  - males ~ 200 lbs

  - females ~ 100 lbs

- solitary

- principatlly frugivorous (feed-eating)

characteristics or developmental stages that typify members of a species and influence reproductive rates

- within species, refers to variation seen within the same species

- individuals, age and sex differences seen within every biological species

- greater dependence on flexible, learned behavior

- live in social groups

- males as permanent members of many primate social groups

- a type of natural selection that operates on only one sex within a species

- result from competition for mates

- can lead to sexual dimorphism regarding one or more traits

having different alleles at the same locus on members of a pair of chromosomes

- anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli

- the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment

a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from larger populations

- 5 digits on hands and feet

- opposable thumb

- partially opposable great toe

- nails instead of claws

- tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the ends of digits

the branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships

- tropical area of Southeast Asia

- adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches

- eat fruit with leaves, flowers and insects

- basic social unit

  - monogamous pair and offspring

- British naturalist

- father of biogeography

- Wallace effect

- critical mechanism of evolutionary change

- genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals

- only found in an area south of the Zaire River

- only a few thousand individuals

- expliot the same foods as chimps

  - occasional small mammals

- male-female bonds

  - societal core

- sexuality inclues frequent copulations throughout the female's estrous cycle

- fossilist

- discovered 1st complete fossil of Ichthyosaurus

- Haplorhini suborder (with anthropoids)

- small nocturnal primates

- found on islands of Southeast Asia

- eat insects and small vertebrates

  - catch by leaping from branches

- basic social pattern appears to be a family unit

  - consists of a mated pair with offspring

- live in Madagascar

- characteristics

  - larger ones are diurnal and eat vegetable foods: fruit, leaves buds, bark

  - smaller ones are noctural and insectivorous (insect-feeding)

- an adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring

- increased parental care

- common traits

  - larger brain and body size

  - reduced reliance on the sense of smell

  - greater degree of color vision

  - bony plate at the back of the eye socket

  - different female reproductive anatomy

  - longer gestation and maturation periods

  - fused mandible

- sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states

- most frequently associated with reproductive or agonistic behavior

- "species" and "genus" concepts

- idea of natural theory

  - study of nature to glorify god

- discrete structures composed of DNA and protiens found only in the nuclei of cells

- visible under magnification only during certain phases of cell division

- unifomatarinism

- argued earth is very old

- concept of "deep time"

genetic makeup of an individual

ex: AA

similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

the specific position on a chromosome where a gene is found

- believed in fixity of species

- came up with basic taxonomy system

an adaptive strategy that emphasizes relatively large numbers of offspring and reduced parental care

- a change in DNA

- changes in DNA bases as well as to changes in chromosome number and/or structure

similarities between organisms based strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent

- longer periods of gestation

- reduced numbers of offspring

- delayed maturation

having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosome

- tropical forests to semiarid desert to snow covered aread of Asia

- characteristics

  - most quadrupedal and arboreal

  - all belong to the Ceropithecidae family

  - divided into subfamilies, the Cercopithecines and the Colobines

- introduced concept of extinction

- theory of catastrophism

- having different kinds of teeth

- characteristic of mammals, whose teeth consist of:

  - incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

DNA segments transcribed into mRNA that code for specific amino acids

- alternate forms of a gene

- occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and thus govern the same trait

- experiment with pea plants

- laid down basic principles of heredity

- law of segregation

3 reasons

 - habitat destruction

 - hunting for food

 - live capture for export or local trade

- "inheritance through acquired characteristics"

  - continous adaptations

  - physical needs are driving the changes

basic units of the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four DNA bases

the capacity of a single gene to influence several phenotypic expressions

a group of closely related species

a diagram showing family relationships

- body size

- distribution of resources

- predation

living in the same area; pertaining to two or more species whose habitats partly or largely overlap

- tropical forests & woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, and Africa

- characteristics

  - climbing quadrupeds

  - insectivorous; some supplement diet with fruit leaves, gums, and slugs

  - fmale-female associations

- snakes, birds of prey, leopards, wild dogs, lions, even other primates

- high predation

  - large communities are advantageous

DNA sequences not expressed during protein synthesis

observable characteristics of an organism

ex: green color

challenge the idea that earth is at the center of the universe

once species are created, they cannot change

- fur (body hair)

- long gestation followed by live birth

- increased brain size

- capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility

- homeothermy: the ability to maintain a constant body temp

behaviors that benefit another while posing risk to oneself

- survival of the fittest

- resources are limited

- most are quadrupedal

- arm swinging found among apes

- prehensile tails (NW monkeys)

  - aid to locomotion

- equatorial Africa

- anatomically similar to gorillas

  - in limb proportions and upper body size

- knuckle walking on ground and brachiating in trees

- eat a variety of plant and animal foods

- large communities of as many as 50 individuals

- changing nature of species

- environment as an agent of change

the study of the evolution of behavior emphasizing the role of the ecological factors as agents of natural selection

small changes occuring within species

ex: changes in allele frequencies

a mating system characterized by an association between a femal and more than one male, with whom she mates

the exchange of genetic material between paried chromosomes during meiosis "crossing over"

the separate evolutionary development of similar characterisitics in different groups of organisms

- the number of offspring an individual produces

- an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation

- almost exclusively arboreal

- found in southern Mexico, central and south America

- two families:

  - Callitrichidae and Cebid

- range in size from 12 ounces to 20 lbs

-definition:

  - composition, size, and sex ration of a group of animals

- the results of natural selection in specific habitats

- flexible, not fixed

the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life-forms into new ecological niches

the total area exploited by an animal/ social group

changes produced onyl after many generations

ex: appearance of a new species

characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus

differences between reproductively isolated groups

Hominids

- larger body size

- absence of a tail

- shortened trunk

- more complex behavior

- more complex brain 

- increased period of infant development and dependency

- the only living species in the family of Homindae

- omnivorous diet

- cognitive abilities are the result of dramatic increases in brain size

- bipedal

- increased reliance on vision

  - color vision

  - except nocturnal primates

- forward facing eyes

- decreased reliance on olfaction

exchange of genes between populations

- forested regions of Central Africa

-males ~400 lbs

- females ~200 lbs

- group

  -1 large silverback male

  - few adult females

  - subadult offspring

- live in families

  - mated pair + offspring

    or 

  - a female with 2 adult males + offspring

- males are involved with infant care

- possess prehensile tails

- most live in groups of both sexes and all ages

- others live as monogamous pairs with subadult offspring

- represent ~70% of all primate species

- NW monkeys (Platyrrhini)

- Old world monkeys (Catarrhini)

- A tendency towards erect posture

- hands and feet possess grasping ability

behaviors removed from original context and sometimes exaggerated to convey information